Materials Used in Varnish and Wood Coatings and a Variety of Microscopic Techniques to Identify Them

Document Type : Review paper

Authors

Department of Wood and Paper Science & Technology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran

Abstract

Surface coatings protect wooden structures against weathering and other caries such as moisture absorption and microbial degradation. The efficiency and productivity of coatings depend on many factors, including the proper bonding of the coatings to the wood. Wood adhesion requires chemical and physical bonds between wood coatings and textures. Today, the increasing importance of hygiene, safety and environmental requirements in industrial production requires manufacturers to produce green coatings such as water-based coatings, powder coatings, high-density coatings, and coatings. It is radiation resistant due to the reduction of VOC emissions. Nowadays, modern coatings utilize nanotechnology (silicon dioxide nanoparticles, titanium dioxide and other compounds such as zinc oxide, silver ion) to improve the surface finish of wood. New coatings require the use of special materials and methods such as selegel, plasma and infrared powder coatings. Modern wood coatings include features that cannot be achieved with good or ideal coatings with conventional and past coating materials, so identifying new coating materials and methods It is very important in today's world.This study focuses specifically on advances made in understanding the physical aspects of contact surface using common surface and coating survey using high-resolution imaging techniques, including concurrent microscopy (CLSM) imaging. The scanning electron microscope will be the coordination and relevance of optical microscopy studies using confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

1. J. A. Graystone, "Progress in the development and evaluation of coating additives. Surf. Coating Int. 92, 144-155, 2009.
2. R. M. Rowell, W. C. Feist, W. D. Ellis, "Weathering of chemically modified southern pine", Wood Sci. 13, 202-208, 1981.
3. D. N. S. Hon, "Weathering reactions and protection of wood surfaces", J.Appl. Polym. Sci. 37, 845-864, 1983.
4. W. C. Feist, R. M. Rowell, J. Youngquist, "Weathering and finish performance of acetylated aspen fiber- board", Wood Fiber Sci. 23, 260-272, 1991.
5. M. Kuo, H. N. Hu, "ltrastructural changes of photo- degradation of wood surfaces exposed to uv light", Holz, 45, 347-353, 1991.
6. A. P. Singh, E. A. Dunningham, D. V. Plackett, "Assessing the performance of a commercial wood stain by transmission electron microscopy", Holz. 49, 255-258, 1995.
7. P. D. Evans, P. D. Thay, K. J. Schmalzl, "Degradation of wood surfaces during natural weathering. Effect of lignin and cellulose and on the adhesion of acrylic La- tex primers", Wood Sci. Tech. 30, 411-422, 1996.
8. D. V. Plackett, E. A. Dunningham, A. P. Singh, "Weathering of chemically modified wood", Chemical Modification of Lignocellulosic Materials, Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, 277- 294, 1996.
9. R. S. Williams, M. T. Knaebe, W. C. Feist, "Erosion rates of wood during natural weathering. Part II. Earlywood and latewood erosion rates", Wood Fiber Sci. 33, 43-49, 2001.
10. A. P. Singh, B. S. W. Dawson, "The Mechanism of failure of clear coated wooden boards as revealed by microscopy", IAWA J. 24, 1- 11, 2003.
11. P. D. Evans, "Weathering of wood and wood composites", Handbook of Wood Chemistry and Wood Composites, 2nd Edition, CRC Press, Taylor and francis group, Boca Raton, 151-216, 2013.
12. R. A. Blanchette, T. Nilsson, G. F. Daniel, A. R. Abad, "Biological degradation of wood", Archaeological Wood: Properties, Chemistry and Preservation, ACS, Washington DC, 147-174. 1990.
13. A. P. Singh, J. A. Butcher, "Bacterial degradation of wood cell walls: A review of degradation patterns”, J. Inst. Wood Sci. 12, 143-157, 1991.
14. R. S. Williams, W. C. Feist, "Durability of paint or solid-color stain applied to preweathered wood", FPJ, 43, 8-14, 1993.
15. M. de Meijer, H. Militz, "Wet adhesion of low-VOC coatings on wood: a quantitative analysis", Prog. Org. Coat. 38, 223-240, 2000.
16. A. P. Singh, B. S. W. Dawson, "Confocal microscope—a valuable tool for examining wood-coating interface", JCTR, 1, 235-237, 2004.
17. A. P. Singh and B. S. W. Dawson, "Microscopic assessment of the effect of saw-textured pinus radiata plywood surface on the distribution of a film-forming acrylic Stain", JCTR, 3, 193-201, 2006.
18. M. H. Schneider and W. A. Côté, "Studies of wood and coating interactions using fluorescence microscopy and pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography" J. Paint Technol. 39, 465-471, 1967.
19. W. A. Côté, R. G. Robinson, "A comparative study of wood-coating interaction using incident fluorescence and transmitted fluorescence microscopy", J. Paint Technol. 40, 427-432, 1968.
20. M. H. Schneider, "Coating penetration into wood sub- stance studied with electron microscopy using replica techniques", J.Paint Technol. 42, 457-460, 1970.
21. M. H. Schneider, "canning electron microscope study of a coating component deposited from solution into wood", OCCA, 62, 441-444, 1979.
22. M. H. Schneider, "Microscopic distribution of linseed oil after application to wood surface", JCTR, 52, 64-67, 1980.
23. R. M. Nussbaum, "Penetration of water-Borne alkyd emulsions and solvent borne alkyds into wood", Holz. Roh. Werkst. 52, 389-393, 1994.
24. M. de Meijer, K. Thurich, H. Militz, "Comparative study on penetration characteristics of modern wood coatings" Wood. Sci. Technol. 32, 347-365, 1998.
25. R. E. Hernández, J. Cool, "Evaluation of three surfacing methods on paper birch wood in relation to water and solvent-borne coating performance", Wood Fiber Sci. 40, 459-469, 2008.
26. A. P. Singh, A. Ratz , B. S. W. Dawson, "A novel method for high resolution imaging of coating distribution within a rough textured plywood surface" JCTR, 4, 207-210, 2007.
27. R. Joshi, T. Provder, K. Kustron, "Green coatings: a trend that is becoming the rule rather than the exception". JCTR, 5, 38-42, 2008.
28. س. عبداللهی باغبان،"مروری بر الیگومرها و مونومرهای تجدیدپذیر جهت تهیه پوشش‌های تابش‌پز". نشریه علمی مطالعات در دنیای رنگ، 8، 76-51، 1397.
29. V. Jirouš-Rajković, H.Turkulin, V. Živković, "Metode poboljšanja svojstva građevnog drva", Drvna Ind. 58, 19-22, 2007.
30. C. Schaller, D. Rogez, "New approaches in wood coatings stabilization", J. Coat. Technol. Res. 4, 401-409, 2007.
31. C. Schaller, D. Rogez, "New concepts for light stabilization of coloured wood", PRA`s 6th International Wood coatings Congress: Preserve, Protect, Prolong, Amsterdam, 2008.
32. W. Peter, C. Schellenberg, "Water-compatible hydrophobic additives: optimising UV protection additives for water-borne coatings", SCI Part A: 89, 254-258, 2006.
33. H. Xie, X. Lai, H. Li, J. Gao, X. Zeng, X. Huang, X. Lin, "A highly efficient flame retardant nacre-inspired nanocoating with ultrasensitive fire-warning and self-healing capabilities", Chem. Eng. J. 369, 8-17, 2019.
34. H. Xie, X. Lai, H. Li, J. Gao, X. Zeng, X. Huang, S. Zhang, "A sandwich-like flame retardant nanocoating for supersensitive fire-warning", Chem. Eng. J. 382, DOI: 10.1016/j. cej.2019. 122929, 2019.
35. L. N. Vakhitova, "Fire retardant nanocoating for wood protection". In Nanotech in Eco-efficient Cons. 361-391, 2019.
36. V. Jirouš-Rajković, "Noviteti u površinskoj obradi drva", Stručni skup za nastavnike u obrazovnom podsektoru prerada i obrada drva, Karlovac, 2008.
37. R. Fernardo, "Nanomaterial technology applications in coatings", JCT, 1, 32-38, 2004.
 38. B. P. Mallik, "Nanotechnology opens up new vistas for surface coatings", Surf. Coating Int. Part. A. 89, 248-253, 2006.
39. M. A.Tshabalala, LP. Sung, "Wood surface modification by in-situ sol-gel deposition of hybrid inorganic-organic thin films", J. Coat. Technol. Res. 4, 483-490, 2007.
40. D. Mestach, D. Twene, "Inorganic nanoparticles as functional additives in water-borne coatings", Surf. Coating Int. Part A. 88, 323-327, 2005.
41. آ. حاجی بابا،" مروری بر استفاده از نانوذرات سیلیکا در بهبود خواص رنگ و پوشش ". نشریه علمی مطالعات در دنیای رنگ، 8 ، 44-37، 1397.
42. N. Burniston, C. Bygott, J. Stratton, "Nano technology meets titanium dioxide", Surf. Coating Int. Part A. 87, 179-184, 2004.
43. P. Boehm, "Applications for cerium oxide nanoparticles in coatings: protect your wood for ten years!", Surf. Coating Int.  Part A. 88, 359-362, 2005.
44. C. Hegedus, F. Pepe, D. Lindenmuth, D. Burgard, "Zinc oxide nanoparticle dispersions as unique additives for coatings". JCT Coatings Tech. 5, 42-52, 2008.
45. S. Bastani, , Ebrahini, M., Kardar, P., Jalili, M. "Improvement of scratch resistance of UV cured wood coatings by using nano aluminia particles via nano indentation", PRA`s 6th Internacional Woodcoatings Congress: Preserve, Protect, Prolong, Amsterdam, October 14-15, 2008.
46. B. Brune, K. Friedrch, D. Meine, S. Schulte, "Full marks across the board", ECJ .6, 34-47, 2007.
47. T. Terajima, H. Koinuma, "Development of a combinatorial atmospheric pressure processor", Appl Surf Sci. 223, 259-263. 2004.
48. S. Leadley, A. Goodwin, G. Lord, "ambient plasma processing: Revolution in surface engineering", Surf. Coating Int. 90, 128-130. 2007.
49. J. G. Haase, "Plasma Modification of Wood to Improve the Performance of Clear Coatings", Universidad del Valle de Guatemala Master's thesis, 2007.
50. J. Leuninger, Tiarks, H. Wiese, B. Schuler, "Wässrige Nanocomposite". Fabre. Lack. 110, 30-38, 2004.
51. A. Rössler, , "Nanotechnologische Aplicationen in der Farbenund Lackindustrie". Bachofner Consulting/SVC, CH-5502 Hunzenschwil, 2005.
52. I. N. Tsvetkova, L. N. Krasil’nikova, Y. V. Khoroshavina, A. S. Galushko, V. Frantsuzova Yu, A. K. Kychkin, O. A. Shilova, "Sol-gel preparation of protective and decorative coatings on wood".  Solgel. Sci. Technol. 92, 474-483, 2019.
53. E.Hazir, K. Huseyin Koc, "Evaluation of wood surface coating performance using water based, solvent based and powder coating", Maderas. Ciencia Y Tecnología, 21, 467-480, 2019.
54. R. Köhler, P. Sauerbier, G. Ohms, W.Viöl, H. Militz, "Wood protection through plasma powder deposition-An alternative coating process", For. 10. Doi: 10.3390/f10100898, 2019.
55. X.Yan, , L.Wang, , X. Qian, "Effect of high-temperature calcined wheat straw powder after lignin removal on properties of waterborne wood coatings", Coat. 9, 44, 2019.
56. O. André, , K. Buysens, "Powder coatings: The ultimate solutions for wood coatings?", Surf. Coating Int. Part A. 87, 347-351, 2004.
57. T. Ma, L. Li, Q. Wang, C. Guo, "Construction of intumescent flame retardant and hydrophobic coating on wood substrates based on thiol-ene click chemistry without photoinitiators", Composites Part B. 177, Doi: 10.1016/j. compositesb. 2019 107357 , 2019.
58. M. Pánek, O. Dvořák, E. Oberhofnerová, K. Šimůnková, A. Zeidler, "Effectiveness of two different hydrophobic topcoats for increasing of durability of exterior coating systems on oak wood", Coat. 9, 280, 2019.
59. J. W. Du, J. Hajas, W. Scholz, A. Wooker, A.Fank, M. Jadliwala, B. Weber, W. Wessels, "New additive to enhance surface cleanability", Surf. Coating Int. Part. A. 88, 18-22, 2004.
60. H.Turkulin, M. Arnold, S E.trub, V. Jirouš-Rajković, G.Mihulja, "Hydrophobic treatment for improvement of wood surface durability", Fifth International Woodcoatings Congress, Prague, October 17-18, 2006.
61. L. F. de Moura, R. E. Hernández, "Evaluation of  Varnish coating performance for two surfacing methods on sugar maple wood" Wood Fiber Sci. 37, 355-366, 2005.
62.A. P.Singh, B. S. W. Dawson, "Confocal microscope - A valuable tool for examining wood-coating interface", JCTR, 1, 10.1007/s11998-004-0017-z, 2004.
63. R. S. Williams, W. C. Feist, "Effect of preweathering, surface roughness and wood species on the performance of paints and stains" JCTR, 66, 109, 1994.
64. B. S. W. Dawson, S. Gallagher, A. P. Singh, "Microscopic view of wood and coating interaction and coating performance on wood", Forest Research Bulletin, 228, New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Rotorua, 2003.
65. 65. A. P. Singh, B.D Park, A.Nuryawan, M. Kazayawoko, "Advances in probing wood-coating interface by microscopy: a Review". JSEMAT, 3, 49-54, 2013.
66. A. P.Singh, , B. D.Park, A.Nuryawan, M. Kazayawoko, "Advances in probing wood-coating interface by microscopy: A review". JSEMAT, 3, 49-54, 2013.
67. P. B. DeNee, R. L. Carpenter, "Application of heavy metal staining (OsO4)/backscattered electron imaging technique to the study of organic aerosols", Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference of the Microbeam Analysis Society, San Antonio, 8-10, 1979.
68. D. E. Schraufnagel, D. P. Ganesan, "Tracers in vascular casting resins enhance backscattering brightness", Scanning. 12, 631-639, 1998.
 
Journal of Studies in Color World
Volume 9, Issue 4 - Serial Number 4
February 2020
Pages 65-76

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 23 October 2019
  • Revise Date: 04 February 2020
  • Accept Date: 08 February 2020

Share

How to cite

Statistics