A Review on Characterization, Optimization and Applications of Animal Glue

Document Type : Review paper

Authors

Faculty of cultural materials conservation, Tabriz Islamic Art University

Abstract

Animal glue is one of the natural materials that is composed of proteins of mammals, fish is used in historical and cultural
In history and culture, animal glue is one of the natural materials composed of proteins from animals and fish. It has been used as sizing material and additives in various compositions, coatings in wood, fasteners in paintings, and inks. Due to the thousands of years using animal adhesives, some principles for making have been established over time. Still, after the industrial revolution and the development of polymer adhesives, the proper preparation of this adhesive is gradually (non-industrial production) being forgotten. The purpose of this study is to get acquainted with the structure of animal glue, the effective factors in optimizing animal glue, the introduction of various additives to improve animal glue, and how to identify it in historical and cultural artifacts. According to the results, the main structure of animal adhesives is collagen protein, which consists of amino acid sequences such as glycine and proline. The pH, temperature, and molecular weight should be considered in optimizing animal adhesives. Additives such as glycerin, white alum, and honey can improve the properties of animal adhesives, including adhesion strength and flexibility. Finally, mass spectrometry, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analyses are used to identify and distinguish the type of Animal glue.

Keywords

Main Subjects


References

  1. Giosuè, A. Belli, A. Mobili, B. Citterio, F. Biavasco, M. Ruello, F. Tittarelli, "Improving the impact of commercial paint on indoor air quality by using highly porous fillers", Build.  7, Doi:10.3390/buildings7040110, 2017.
  2. Melià-Angulo, L. Fuster-López, A. Escuder, "Study of the mechanical properties of selected animal glues and their implication when designing conservation strategies", InCeROArt. Conservation, exposition, Restauration d’Objets d’Art May 22 (No. HS). Association CeROArt asb, 2017.
  3. Cannon, "The age of animal glue", In ICOM-CC 17th Triennial Conference Preprints, 74-82, Melbourne, 2014.
  4. Amid. "Amid Persian Dictionary". Amirkabir, Tehran, sixth edition, 1996.
  5. Floyd, "The story of an ancient art: From the earliest adhesives to vegetable glue", Perkins Glue Company, 19-29, 1930.
  6. Mai-Mai, "The Way of Chinese Painting: its Ideas and Technique, with Selections from the Seventeenth Century Mustard Seed Garden Manual of Painting", 1959.
  7. Schellmann, "Animal glues: a review of their key properties relevant to conservation", Stud. Conserv. 8, 55-66, 2007.
  8. Kay,"The painter's", guide to studio methods and materials,Englewood Cliffs, N. J, Prentice-Hall. 1983.
  9. Ja'far ibn Muhammad Rudaki, M. Mansouri, "Roudaki poetry divan based on available authentic copies", Nasim kowsar, Qom, Scattered Verses, First Edition, No. 12, 2012.
  10. Yazdi, Abu Saeed Abolkhair, "Quartets of Abu Saeed Abolkhair", Student Culture, Tehran, Quartet No. 82, Second Edition, 2014.
  11. Elert, R. Sánchez, C. Benavides-Reyes, F. Ordóñez "Influence of animal glue on mineralogy, strength and weathering resistance of lime plasters". Constr. Build. Mater. 226, 625-635, 2019.
  12. Hackney, "Paintings on canvas: lining and alternatives", Tate papers, 2004.
  13. Young, P. Ackroyd, The mechanical behaviour and environmental response of paintings to three types of lining treatment, Natl. Gallery tech. bull. 85-104. 2001.
  14. Ruhemann, "The impregnation and lining of paintings on a hot table", Stud Conserv. 1, 73-76. 1953.
  15. Bomford, S. Staniforth, "Wax–resin lining and colour change: an evaluation", National Gallery technical bulletin tech. bull. 5, 58-65.1981.
  16. Soltani, H. Farahmand Boroujeni, J. Jokar "Comparative study of calligraphic inks used among Iranians, Ottomans, Chinese, Indians, and Arabs" Ganjineh Asnad, 26, 139-124, 2016.
  17. Sultani, H. Farahmand, A. Isfahani, "Research on calligraphy ink: the face of damage belts, materials and construction methods", Goldasteh, Isfahan, 2015
  18. Rostami, "Method of making and using cardboard in Islamic art of Iran", Ganjineh Asnad, 12, 135-124, 2002.
  19. Mohabeli, "Prefabricated decorations in the dome of Soltanieh, 8th century AH", Armanshahr Architecture and Urban Planning, 1, 85-76, 2008.
  20. Basiri, "A Comparative Study of the Structural Features of Gilding Decorations of the Qajar Period in Isfahan: A Case Study of the House of Qodiseh, Shahshan and Haghighi", Negarineh, 1, 69-52, 2014.
  21. Ahmed, F.Kolisis, "Study on using of protease for removal of animal glue adhesive in textile conservation", J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 124, 3565-3576. 2012.
  22. Khorramshahi, A. Nezami Ganjavi, "Khamseh based on Saadloo version (eighth century AH)", editors: Vahid Dastgerdi and Samieh Basir Mozhdehi, Nashr-e Dostan, Tehran, PeykarSafat and Seminar and Construction of Khornagh Palace, Part 9, Third Edition, 2014.
  23. M. Shojaei, "Introduction of the work and study of the artistic style of the oldest Khatam door in the holy shrine of Hazrat Ahmad Ibn Musa Al-Kadhim (Shahcheragh)", Approach and Relig. Cult. 1, 164-151, 2018.
  24. Dallongeville, M. Koperska, N. Garnier, G. Reille-Taillefert, C. Rolando, C. Tokarski, "Identification of animal glue species in artworks using proteomics: application to a 18th century gilt sample", Anal. Chem. 83, 9431-9537. 2011
  25. Hamzavi, F. Salhshour, F. Muzaffar, "Gilding of molded gypsum arrays in the tomb of Seyed Rokn al-Din in Yazd", Islamic Art Studies, 19, 46-39, 2013.
  26. Chamberlain, R. Drewello, L. Korn, W. Bauer, T. Gough, A. Al‐Fouzan, M. Collins, N. Van Doorn, O. Craig, C. Heron, "Construction of the Khoja Zaynuddin mosque: use of animal glue modified with urine", Archaeometry. 53, 830-841, 2011.
  27. Arjonilla, M. J. Ayora‐Cañada, R. Rubio Domene, E. Correa Gómez, M. de la Torre‐López, A. Domínguez‐Vidal "Romantic restorations in the A lhambra monument: S pectroscopic characterization of decorative plasterwork in the R oyal B aths of C omares". J. Raman Spectrosc. 50, 184-192. 2019
  28. Tinti, Y. Hamzavi, p. Holakouee, M.P Columbini, "Structure of the Layered layout of the gilding arrays of Vanak and Bethlehem churches in Isfahan", Archaeol. Res. 6, 93-75, 1399.
  29. Mosleh, J. Poulis, W. Gard, J. Van de Kuilen, P. Van Duin, "Ageing phenomena of oak wood-animal glue bonded assemblies for preservation of cultural heritage", 7th International Scientific Conference on Hardwood Processing, 2019.
  30. Daniilia, A. Tsakalof, K. Bairachtari, Y. Chryssoulakis, "The Byzantine wall paintings from the Protaton Church on Mount Athos, Greece: tradition and science", J. Archaeol. Sci. 1971-1984, 2007.
  31. Bonaduce, M. Colombini, "Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the characterization of organic materials in frescoes of the Momumental Cemetery of Pisa (Italy)", Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 30, 2523-2527, 2003.
  32. Bicchieri, P. Biocca, P. Colaizzi, F. Pinzari, "Microscopic observations of paper and parchment: the archaeology of small objects", Herit. Sci. 47, 1-12, .2019
  33. Pakbaz, "Guide to Materials and Methods (Design and Painting)", Contemporary Culture, Tehran, First Edition, 2006.
  34. Bella, M. Eaton, B. Brodsky, H. Berman, "Crystal and molecular structure of a collagen-like peptide at 1.9 A resolution", Sci. 266, 75-81, 1994
  35. Kramer, J. Bella, P. Mayville, B. Brodsky, M. Berman "Sequence dependent conformational variations of collagen triple-helical structure", Nat. Struct. Biol. 6, 454-457, 1999.
  36. Hickman, T. Sims, C. Miles, A. Bailey, M. De Mari, M. Koopmans, "Isinglass/collagen: denaturation and functionality", J. Biotechnol. 26; 245-57, 2000
  37. Paris, S. Lecomte, C. Coupry, "ATR-FTIR spectroscopy as a way to identify natural protein-based materials, tortoiseshell and horn, from their protein-based imitation", Spectrochimica Acta A. 62, 532-538, 2005
  38. Brodsky, A. Persikov, "Molecular structure of the collagen triple helix", Adv. Protein Chem. 70, 301-339، 2005.
  39. Ranjbar, H. Naderi Manesh, Kh., Khalifa, "Basics of biophysics of proteins, nucleic acids and spectroscopy", Tarbiat Modares, Tehran, third edition, 2019.
  40. Gettens, G. Stout, "Painting materials: a short encyclopaedia", Courier Corporation; 1966.
  41. Cheow, M. Norizah, Z. Kyaw, N. Howell, "Preparation and characterisation of gelatins from the skins of sin croaker (Johnius dussumieri) and shortfin scad (Decapterus macrosoma)". Food Chem. 1, 386-391. 2007
  42. Pan, P. Wang, F. Zhang, Y. Yu, Zhang X, L. Lin, R. Linhardt, "Glycosaminoglycans from fish swim bladder: isolation, structural characterization and bioactive potential", Glycoconj. J. 35, 87-94. 2018
  43. Culture, "Great Culture of Materials", Sepideh Sehr, Tehran, second edition, 2003.
  44. Horie, "Materials for conservation: organic consolidants, adhesives and coatings", Routledge, 2010.
  45. Krizova, J. Schultz, I. Nemec, R. Cabala, R. Hynek, S. Kuckova, "Comparison of analytical tools appropriate for identification of proteinaceous additives in historical mortars", Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 410, 189-200, 2018
  46. Holmgren, K. Taylor, L. Bretscher, R. Raines, "Code for collagen's stability deciphered", Nature. 392, 666-667, 1998.
  47. Bagheri, A. Khoshmanesh, "Adhesives", University Jihad, Isfahan, second edition, 2012.
  48. M Kliner, "Adhesives and natural polishes", (translated by Hamid Farahmand Boroujeni), Nima, Isfahan, 1999.
  49. Hickman, T. Sims, C. Miles, A. Bailey, M. De Mari, M. Koopmans, "Isinglass/collagen: denaturation and functionality", J. Biotechnol. 26; 245-57, 2000.
  50. Boonprab, J. Satiankomsorakrai, N. Khamthong, "Optimum fish for fish glue processing for fish skin value added and the glue character", J. Agric. Sci. Technol. 1, 117-121. 2011.
  51. V. Houri, "Materials used in the restoration of organic solvents, adhesives and polishes", (translated by Abolfazl Semnani, Hamid Farahmand Boroujeni), University of Arts, Tehran, 1999.
  52. Reventlow, "The treatment of gilded objects with rabbit-skin glue size as consolidating adhesive", Gilded wood: conservation and history, 269-275, 1991.
  53. Rose, "Inedible gelatin and glue. InInedible Meat By-Products", Springer, Dordrecht. 217-263, 1992.
  54. Badii, N. Howell, "Fish gelatin: structure, gelling properties and interaction with egg albumen proteins", Food Hydrocoll. Jul. 20, 630-640, 2006.
  55. Haug, K. Draget, O. Smidsrød, "Physical and rheological properties of fish gelatin compared to mammalian gelatin", Food Hydrocoll. Mar. 18, 203-213, 2004.
  56. Ogawa, M. Moody, R. Portier, J. Bell, M. Schexnayder, J. Losso, "Biochemical properties of black drum and sheepshead seabream skin collagen", J. Agric. Food Chem. 31, 8088-8092, 2003.
  57. Brown, D. Nelson, J. Vogel, J. Southon, "Improved collagen extraction by modified Longin method", Radiocarbon. 30, 171-177, 1988.
  58. Gousterova, D. Braikova, I. Goshev, P. Christov, K. Tishinov, E. Vasileva‐Tonkova, T. Haertle, P. Nedkov "Degradation of keratin and collagen containing wastes by newly isolated thermoactinomycetes or by alkaline hydrolysis", Appl. Microbiol. 40, 335-40, 2005.
  59. Burgio, S. Rivers, C. Higgitt, M. Spring, M. Wilson, "Spherical copper resinate on Coromandel objects: analysis and conservation of matt green paint", Stud Conserv. 52, 241-254, 2007.
  60. Hussain, S. Akhtar, "Review of non-destructive tests for evaluation of historic masonry and concrete structures", Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 42, 925-940, 2017.
  61. Faella, G. Frunzio, M. Guadagnuolo, A. Donadio, L. Ferri, "The church of the nativity in bethlehem: non-destructive tests for the structural knowledge", J. Cult. Heri. 13, 27-41, 2012.
  62. I H. Tuyserkani, "Non-Destructive Studies", Second Edition, Fourth Edition, University Jihad, Isfahan, 2015.
  63. Binda, A. Saisi, "Nondestructive testing applied to historic buildings: The case of some Sicilian Churches", Hist. Constr. 7, 29-46, 2001.
  64. Stuart, "Methods of material decomposition in the restoration and conservation of historical monuments", (translated by Masoud Bagherzadeh Kathiri), Tabriz University of Islamic Art, Tabriz, 2014.
  65. Garechahi. M. Taqwa Nejad, H. Alizadeh, "Mass spectrometry and its application in proteomics", New Genetics, 2008.
  66. Paradela, J. Albar, ''Advances in the analysis of protein phosphorylation''. J. Proteome Res. 7, 1809-1818, 2008.
  67. Tomas, J. Beck, C. Meyer-Schwesinger, B. Seitz-Polski, H. Ma, G. Zahner, G. Dolla, E. Hoxha, U. Helmchen, A. Dabert-Gay, D. Debayle, ''Thrombospondin type-1 domain-containing 7A in idiopathic membranous nephropathy'', New Eng. J. Med. 371, 2277-2287. 2014
  68. Tomas, J. Beck, C. Meyer-Schwesinger, B. Seitz-Polski, H. Ma, G. Zahner, G. Dolla, E. Hoxha, U. Helmchen, A. Dabert-Gay, D. Debayle, ''Thrombospondin type-1 domain-containing 7A in idiopathic membranous nephropathy'', New Eng. J. Med. 371, 2277-2287. 2014
  69. Rinschen, ''Single nephron proteomes connect morphology and function in proteinuric kidney disease''. Faseb J. 32, 850-852, 2018.
  70. . Kuckova, IC. Sandu, M. Crhova, R. Hynek, I. Fogas, S. Schafer, "Protein identification and localization using mass spectrometry and staining tests in cross-sections of polychrome samples", J. Cult. Herit. 14, 31-37.
  71. Goormaghtigh, V. Cabiaux, J. Ruysschaert ''Determination of soluble and membrane protein structure by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy'', Physicochemical methods in the study of biomembranes, 405-450, 1994.
  72. http://www.irug.org/jcamp-details?id=625, IRUG filename: IPR00001, Sample source 2: S.A.M. Monowar Jahan, Conservation Department, Bangladesh National Museum (BNM).


Journal of Studies in Color World
Volume 11, Issue 4
April 2022
Pages 1-12

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 02 January 2021
  • Revise Date: 26 June 2021
  • Accept Date: 26 June 2021

Share

How to cite

Statistics