Review of the Application of Thermochromic Materials in the Preparation of Smart Textiles

Document Type : Review paper

Authors

1 Faculty of Art, Alzahra University, P. O. Box:1993893973, Tehran, Iran.

2 Department of Textile and Fashion Design, Faculty of Art, Alzahra University, P. O. Box:1993893973, Tehran, Iran.

3 Department of Printing Science and Technology, Institute for Color Science and Technology, P. O. Box: 16765-654, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Thermochromic or thermochromic materials change color reversibly with an external stimulus, i.e. temperature. It is used to change color in a certain environmental range to prepare smart textiles. A variety of thermochromic materials are available, which can be classified into direct and indirect. Thermochromic materials change color in a subtle and reversible way with increasing and decreasing temperature and can change from colored to colorless or vice versa or from one color to another. These materials can be combined with ordinary colors and get newer colors. Thermochromic dyes cannot be used on direct textiles due to the surrounding environment and low reactivity. They are usually used in the form of microcapsules. Thermochromic materials are used to produce smart textiles through dyeing or printing. These textiles are used in various fields such as wearable displays, sensors, insulation materials, anti-counterfeiting materials, and military industries. Textiles printed with thermochromic microcapsules have good stability properties but are very sensitive to light, solvents, and high temperatures.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

1.   Seeboth A, Klukowska A, Ruhmann R, Lötzsch D. Thermochromic polymer materials. Chin J Polym Sci. 2007;25:123-35. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr400462e.
2.   Chowdhury AM, Butola B, Joshi M. Application of thermochromic colorants on textiles: Temperature dependence of colorimetric properties. Rev Prog Color Relat Top. 2013;43(3):231-7. 
https://doi:10.1111/cote.12015.
3.   Ramlow H, Andrade KL, Immich APS. Smart textiles: an overview of recent progress on chromic textiles. J Text Inst. 2020;112(1):152–71. 
https://doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2020.1785071.
4.   Hauser PJ. Textile Dyeing. In: Durasevic V, Sutlovic A, Osterman DP. (eds.) From murex purpura to sensory photochromic textiles. Intech Open Access Publisher; 2011. 57-76.
5.   Christie R. Chromic materials for technical textile applications. In: Das A. (eds.) Advances in the dyeing and finishing of technical textiles. Woodhead Publishing; 2013. 3–36.
6.   B. Sun, "Smart materials and structures", South Africa: Cape Town: Cape Peninsula University of Technology Lecture at Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH); 2015.
7.   Lee SJ, Son YA, Suh HJ, Lee DN, Kim SH. Preliminary exhaustion studies of spiroxazine dyes on polyamide fibers and their photochromic properties. Dyes Pigm. 2006;69(1-2):18-21. https://doi:10.1016/j.dyepig.2005.02.019
8.   Bamfield P, Hutchings M. Chromic phenomena: technological applications of colour chemistry. RS.C; 2010.
9.   Bruno TJ, Svoronos PD.CRC handbook of fundamental spectroscopic correlation charts. Florida: CRC Press; 2005.
10.  Shibahashi Y, Michiyuki Y, Masahiro I. Method for alternately expressing color-memorizing photochromic function in toy element, and an alternately color-memorizing photochromic toy. Washington, DC: U.S Patent; 2013.
11.  Durasevic V, Sutlovic A, Osterman DP. From murex purpura to sensory photochromic textiles. Intech Open Access Publisher; 2011. 
12.  Hu JL. Adaptive and functional polymers, textiles and their applications. Singapore: World Scientific; 2011.
13.  Suhag N, Singh S. Types of chromism & its applications in fashion & textile designing. Int J Enhanc Res Sci Technol Eng. 2015;4:2319-7463.
14.  Tang S, Stylios G. An overview of smart technologies for clothing design and engineering. Int J Clothing Sci Technol. 2006;18(2):108-28. 
https://doi.org/10.1108/09556220610645766.
15.  Durr JH. Thermochromism. Chem Rev. 1963;63(1):65-80. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60221a005.
16.  Maleki L. How to get changing patterns on a textile surface by using thermo chromic pigments and an inherently conductive polymer (thesis). University of Borås, Swedish School of Textiles; 2013.
17.  Talvenmaa P. Introduction to chromic materials. introduction to chromic materials. In: Mattila H, editor. Intelligent textiles and clothing. Woodhead Publishing in Textiles; 2006. 193-205.
18.   Rijavec T, Bračko S.Smart dyes for medical and other textiles.In: Morris A, editor.Smart textiles for medicine and healthcare: Materials, systems and applications. London: Woodhead Publishing; 2007. 123-149.
19.   Towns AD.Thermochromic composite materials formulated from spirolactone colour formers. ChemiChromics USA 99;2015. 1171-82. 
20.  Aklujkar PS, Kandasubramanian B.A review of microencapsulated thermochromic coatings for sustainable building applications. J Coat Technol Res.2021;18:19-37.
21.   Strižić Jakovljević M, Kulčar R, Friškovec M, Lozo B, Gunde MK.Light fastness of liquid crystal-based thermochromic printing inks.Dyes Pigm.2020;180:108-482. https://doi:10.1016/j.dyepig.2020.1084. 
22.  Abdulkarim JM, Khsara AK, Al-Kalany HN, Alresly RA. Impact of Properties of Thermochromic Pigments on Knitted Fabrics. Int J Sci Eng Res. 2016;4:1693-1705.
23.   Tözüm SM, Sennur AA, Cemil A.Microencapsulation of three-component thermochromic system for reversible color change and thermal energy storage.Fibers Polym. 2018;19(3):660-9. https://doi:10.1007/s12221-018-7801-3. 
24.  Sage L.Thermochromic liquid crystals.Liq Cryst. 2011;38(11-12):1551-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678292.2011.631302 
25.  Mitov M.Cholesteric liquid crystals in living matter.Soft Matter;2017;13(23):4176–4209.  https://doi.org/10.1039/c7sm00384f 
26.  Kulčar R, Friškovec M, Hauptman N, Vesel A, Gunde MK.Colorimetric properties of reversible thermochromic printing inks.Dyes Pigm. 2010;863:271-7. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2010.01. 
27.  Sahebkar K, Indrakar S, Srinivasan S, Thomas S, Stefanakos E. Electrospun microfibers with embedded leuco dye-based thermochromic material for textile applications. J Ind Text. 2021;3188S-3200S. 
https://doi.org/10.1177/1528083720987216.
28.   Mather RR. Intelligent textiles. Rev Prog Color. 2001;36-41.
29.  de Jesus R, Valente PA. Minimal Computation Structures for Visual Information Applications based on Printed Electronics (PhD thesis). Portugal: Universidade NOVA de Lisboa; 2016.
30.  Chowdhury AM, Butola B, Joshi M. Application of thermochromic colorants on textiles: Temperature dependence of colorimetric properties. Rev Prog Color Relat Top. 2013;43(3):231-7. 
https://doi.org/10.1111/cote.12015.
31.  Kim SH, Suh HJ, Cui JZ, Gal YS, Jin SH, Koh K. Crystalline-state photochromism and thermochromism of new spiroxazine. Dyes Pigm. 2002;53(3):251-6. https://doi:10.1016/S0143-7208(02)00022-0.
32.  Hadjoudis E, Vittorakis M, Moustakali-Mavridis I. Photochromism and thermochromism of schiff bases in the solid state and in rigid glasses. Tetrahedron. 1987;43(7):1345-60. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020(01)90255-8
33.  Hadjoudis E, Vittorakis M, Moustakali-Mavridis I. Photochromism and thermochromism of Schiff bases in the solid state: structural aspects. Chem Soc Rev. 2004;33(9):579–88. https://doi:10.1039/B303644H 
34.  Waseem I.An Investigation into Textile Applications of Thermochromic Pigments (thesis). UK: Edinburgh, Scotland; 2012. 
35.  Agriopoulou S, Stamatelopoulou E, Skiada V, Varzakas T.Nanobiotechnology in food preservation and molecular perspective.In: Varzakas T, Skiada V, editors. Nanotechnology Enhanced Food Packaging (Internet). Wiley-VCH; 2022. 327-359.
36.   Kooroshnia M.Demonstrating color transitions of leuco dye- based thermochromic inks as a teaching approach in textile and fashion design.In: Proceedings of the Nordic Design Research Conference Copenhagen. Denmark; 2013. 
37.   Pinterest. San Francisco (CA): Pinterest Inc.; c2021 (cited 2023 Apr 14). Available from: https://i.pinimg.com /originals/325f26eb12b3704edc04389ec751f56f.jpg 
38.  Li F, Zhao Y, Wang S, Han D.Thermochromic core–shell nanofibers fabricated by melt coaxial electrospinning. J Appl Polym Sci. 2009;112(1):269-74. 
 https://doi.org/10.1002/app.29384.
39.  MALHERBE I, SANDERSON RD, SMIT E.Reversibly thermochromic micro-fibres by coaxial electrospinning. Polymer.;2010;51(22):5037-43. https://doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2010.09.018.
40.  Mohammadsadegh A, Gharagozlou M, Allahkaram SR.A Review on Improving the Corrosion Resistance of 316L Stainless Steel by Coating with Nanoparticles of Chitosan/Gelatin Using Electrophoretic Deposition Method.J Stud Color World. 2023;327-341. https:// dor1.net/20.1001.1.22517278.1401.12.4.3 (In Persian).
41.  LeSar JD, Rao NM, Williams NM, Pantano JP, Ricci ML, Osher LS, Hetherington VJ, Kawalec JS.A novel thermochromic liquid crystal fabric design for the early detection of high-risk foot complications: A proof-of-concept study.Japma. 2017;107(3):200-7.
 https://doi.org/10.7547/15-151.
42.   Mattila HR. Intelligent Textiles and Clothing.Woodhead Publishing;2006. 
43.  Zhang Y, Hu Z, Xiang H, Zhai G, Zhu M.Fabrication of visual textile temperature indicators based on reversible thermochromic fibers.Dyes Pigm. 2019;162:704-11. https://doi:10.1016/j.dyepig.2018.11.007.
44.  Geng X, Wei L, Wang Y, Lu J, Wang J, Wang N. Reversible thermochromic microencapsulated phase change materials for thermal energy storage application in thermal protective clothing. Appl Energy. 2018;217:281-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy. 2018. 02.150.
45.  Cheng Y, Zhang X, Fang C, Chen J, Wang Z. Discoloration mechanism, structures and recent applications of thermochromic materials via different methods: A review. JMST. 2018;34(12):2225-34.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2018.05.016.
46.   Guan Y, Zhang L, Wang D, West JL, Fu S.Preparation of thermochromic liquid crystal microcapsules for intelligent functional fiber.Mater Des. 2018;147:28-34.
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.03.030 
47.  Karpagam KR, Saranya KS, Gopinathan J, Bhattacharyya A.Development of smart clothing for military applications using thermochromic colorants. J Text Inst.2016;108 (7): 1122-7. 
https://doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2016.1220818. 
48.  Jin Y, Bai Y, Zhu Y, Li X, Ge M.Thermosensitive luminous fiber based on reversible thermochromic crystal violet lactone pigment.Dyes Pigm. 2017;146:567-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2017.07. 
49.  Jin Y, Shi C, Li X, Wang Y, Wang F, Ge M.Preparation and luminescence studies of thermosensitive PAN luminous fiber based on the heat sensitive rose red TF-R1 thermochromic pigment.Dyes Pigm. 2017;139:693-700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2017.01. 
50.  Li Q, Li K, Fan H, Hou C, Li Y, Zhang Q, Wang H.Reduced graphene oxide functionalized stretchable and multicolor electrothermal chromatic fibers.J Mater Chem C. 2017;5(44):11448-53. 
https://doi.org/10.1039/c7tc02471a .
51.  Ahmed Z, Wei Y, Torah R, Tudor J.Actively actuated all dispenser printed thermochromic smart fabric device. Electron Lett. 2016;52(19):1601-3. 
https://doi.org/10.1049/el.2016.1073 
52.  Zhang W, Ji X, Zeng C, Chen K, Yin Y, Wang C.A new approach for the preparation of durable and reversible color changing polyester fabrics using thermochromic leuco dye-loaded silica nanocapsules. J Mater Chem C. 2007;5(32):8169-78. https://doi:10.1039/D2TC05127C 
53.  Busuioc C, Evanghelidis A, Galatanu A, Enculescu I.Direct and contactless electrical control of temperature of paper and textile foldable substrates using electrospun metallic-web transparent electrodes.Sci Rep. 2016;6(1):1-9. 
https://doi: 10.1038/srep34584. 
54. He SM, Wei MY, Liu F, Xue WL, Cheng LD. Risk of Bisphenol A (BPA) in Thermochromic Textiles. In 2nd Annual International Conference on Advanced Material Engineering AME 2016. Paris; 2016. 
55.Howell N, Devendorf L, Tian RK, Galvez TV.Biosignals as Social Cues: Ambiguity and Emotional Interpretation in Social Displays of Skin Conductance. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems. New York; 2016 .
56. Huang G, Liu L, Wang R, Zhang J. Smart color-changing textile with high contrast based on single-sided conductive fabric. J Mater Chem C. 2016;4(30):7589-94.
      https://doi.org/10.1039/c6tc02051h.
57.  Potuck A, Meyers S, Levitt A, Beaudette E, Xiao H, Chu CC, Park H. Development of Thermochromic Pigment Based Sportswear for Detection of Physical Exhaustion. Fashion Pract. 2016;8(2):279-95.
 https://doi.org/10.1080/17569370.2016.1216990.
58.  Li Y, Zhang Z, Li X, Zhang J, Lou H, Shi X, et al. A smart, stretchable resistive heater textile. J Mater Chem C. 2017;5(1). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6tc04399b.
59.   Salom A, Candas A, Zengin A, Bitlisli BO.Temperature Sensitive Colour Changing Leathers with Thermochromic Pigments. J Soc Leather Technol Chem. 2016;100:314-20. 
60.  Chen HJ, Huang LH. An investigation of the design potential of thermochromic home textiles used with electric heating techniques.Math Probl Eng. 2015;1-5. 
     https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/151573 
61.  Ramig K, Lavinda O, Szalda DJ, Mironova I, Karimi S, Pozzi F, Shah N, Samson J, Ajiki H, Massa L, Mantzouris D, Karapanagiotis I, Cooksey C.The nature of thermochromic effects in dyeings with indigo, 6-bromoindigo, and 6,6′-dibromoindigo, components of Tyrian purple. Dyes Pigm. 2015;117:37-48. https://doi:10.1016/j.dyepig.2015.01. 
62.  Tamilmani V, Kanadasan D, Muthazhagan R, Sreeram KJ, Rao JR, Nair BU.Thermochromism for Smart Leathers.J Am Leather Chem Assoc. 2015;110(06):161-4. 
63.  Cai G, Yang M, Pan J, Cheng D, Xia Z, Wang X.Large-Scale Production of Highly Stretchable CNT/Cotton/Spandex Composite Yarn for Wearable Applications.ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2018;10(38) :32726-35.
      https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b11885
64.   Yan C, Wang J, Kang W, Cui M, Wang X, Foo CY, Chee KJ, Lee PS. Highly stretchable piezoresistive graphene–nanocellulose nanopaper for strain sensors. Adv Mater. 2014;26(13):2022-7.  https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201304742.
65.   Sun L, Chen S, Gu Z, Luo Y, Hu Y.Applied Research On Design Of Smart Clothing Base On Thermochromic Material. Adv Soc Sci Res J. 2017;4(7). https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.47.2928. 
66.  Yunai Textile (Internet). China: Yunai Textile Co., Ltd.; c2021 (cited 2023 Apr 14). Available from: https://www.iyunaitextile.com/temperature-color-change-treatment-100-polyester-thermochromic-fabric-product/. 
67.  Dumitrescu D, Kooroshnia M, Lan H.Silent colours: Designing for wellbeing using smart colours.In Proceedings of the International Colour Association (AIC) Conference. Lisbon; 2018.
68.   Talvenmaa P. Introduction to chromic materials.In Mattila H. Intelligent textiles and clothing. Sawston: Woodhead Publishing in Textiles; 2006. 193-205. 
69.  Ferrara M. Bengisu M. Intelligent design with chromogenic materials. JAIC. 2014;13:54-66. 
70.  Clarke ESHJ.Digital visions for fashion and textiles: Made in code. Thames and Hudson Ltd;2012. 
71.  Berzowska JM. Soft computation through conductive textiles. In Proceedings of the International Foundation of Fashion Technology Institutes Conference. 2007.
72.   XS Labs. Montreal: XS Labs; c2007 (cited 2023 Apr 14). Available from: http://xslabs.net/catalogue-pdf/XS_catalogue.pdf 
73.  Calder L, Magalhaes J, Aylett R, Louchart S, Padilla S, Chantler M, MacVean A. Kinect-Based RGB Detection For ‘Smart’ Costume Interaction.In Proceedings 19th International Symposium on Electronic Art ISEA. Sydney; 2014.
74.  Nelson G. Application of microencapsulation in textiles. Int J Pharm. 2002;242(1-2):55-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-5173(02)00141-2
75.  Friškovec M, Kulčar R, Gunde MK. Light fastness and high-temperature stability of thermochromic printing inks. Color Technol. 2013;129(3):214-22.
  https://doi.org/10.1111/cote.12020 
76.  Kulčar R, Friškovec M, Gunde MK, Knešaurek N.Colorimetric properties of UV-thermochromic inks. In 13th International Conference on printing, design and graphic communications Blaž Baromić. Estonia; 2009. 
77. Kulčar R, Gunde MK, Knešaurek N. Dynamic colour possibilities and functional properties of thermochromic printing inks. Acta graphica: znanstveni časopis za tiskarstvo i grafičke komunikacije. 2012;23(1-2):25-36. 
Journal of Studies in Color World
Volume 13, Issue 2
September 2023
Pages 185-200

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 14 February 2023
  • Revise Date: 01 May 2023
  • Accept Date: 02 May 2023

Share

How to cite

Statistics