Investigation of the Adsorption Process of Reactive Blue 21 Dye on Activated Carbon Produced from Palm Tree Fibers

Document Type : Research

Authors

1 Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box: 887, Yazd, Iran.

2 Student Research Committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box: 887, Yazd, Iran.

10.30509/jscw.2025.167519.1229

Abstract

Textile industries generate a substantial amount of wastewater that contains significant quantities of dyes and hazardous metals, and their discharge into water sources is detrimental to humans, aquatic animals, and microorganisms. In this study, the adsorption process of reactive blue 21 dye with activated carbon has been investigated using the density functional theory (DFT) method. SEM, FTIR, XRD, and zeta potential analyses characterized the properties of the adsorbent. Based on the Box-Benken model results, under optimal conditions, a removal efficiency of 74.48% was obtained at an adsorbent dose of 3 g/L, pH 3, contact time of 30 min, and dye concentration of 10 mg/L. The adsorption process followed the Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The mechanism of the adsorption process of reactive blue 21 dye on activated carbon was proposed using density functional theory and analysis of the adsorbent characteristics, including electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and π-π stacking.
 

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

1.     Kurnia M, Suprapto S, Ni'mah YL. Bio-adsorbent for remazol brilliant blue r (rbbr) dye. S Afr J Chem Eng. 2024;47(1):111-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajce.2023. 11.002.
2.     Nwanekezie MN, Ogbeide SE, Chidiebere NC, Sebe GO. Optimizing methylene blue removal from textile effluents: comparative study of adsorption efficiency using raw and activated carbon derived from gmelina wood wastes. Am. J. Anal. Chem. 2023;14(9):362-77. https://doi.org/10.4236/ ajac.2023.149020.
3.     Altıntıg E, Ates A, Angın D, Topal Z, Aydemir Z. Kinetic, equilibrium, adsorption mechanisms of RBBR and MG dyes on chitosan-coated montmorillonite with an ecofriendly approach. Chem Eng Res Des. 2022;188:287-300. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2022.09.015.
4.     Paluch D, Bazan-Wozniak A, Nosal-Wiercińska A, Pietrzak R. Removal of methylene blue and methyl red from aqueous solutions using activated carbons obtained by chemical activation of caraway seed. Mol. 2023 ;28(17):6306. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176306.
5.     Zaidi Z, Manchanda A, Sharma A, Choudhry A, Sajid M, Khan SA, et al. Adsorptive removal of methylene blue using fruit waste activated carbon and its binary metal oxide nanocomposite. Chem Eng J Adv. 2023:100571. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ceja.2023.100571.
6.     Amouei A, Asgharnia H, Karimian K, Mahdavi Y, Balarak D, Ghasemi S. Optimization of dye reactive orange 16 (RO16) adsorption by modified sunflower stem using response surface method from aqueous solutions. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci. 2016;14(10):813-26. https://dor. isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.17353165.1394.14.10.2.8.
7.     Alidoust S, Bahramifar N, Younesi H. Optimizing the removal of Reactive Blue 21 using non-metallic carbon nitride photocatalyst by Response Surface Methodology. JNE. 2022 (Articles in Press). http//doi.org/10.22059/ jne.2022.341918.2428.
8.     Chaharkam M, Tahmasebpoor M, Sari Yilmaz M. Investigating the performance of activated carbon adsorbent modified with iron oxide nanoparticles in removing crystal violet from water. J Color Sci Tec. 2024;17(4):303-24. https://dor. isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.1735 8779.1402.17.4.3.8
9.     Benjelloun M, Miyah Y, Evrendilek GA, Zerrouq F, Lairini S. Recent advances in adsorption kinetic models: their application to dye types. Arab J Chem. 2021; 14(4):103031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.1030 31.
10.  Doan L, Nguyen TMD, Le TM, Huynh KG, Quach TPT. surface modifications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with polyvinyl alcohol, chitosan, and activated carbon or graphite as methylene blue adsorbents—comparative study. Coat J. 2023;13 (10):1797. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13101797.
11.  Tran TKN, Dang NK, Doan VD, Tran VA, Vasseghian Y, Aminabhavi TM. Mn3O4/activated carbon nanocomposites for adsorptive removal of methylene blue. J Chem Eng. 2023;474:145903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej. 2023.1459 03.
12.  Somsiripan T, Sangwichien C. Enhancement of adsorption capacity of Methylene blue, Malachite green, and Rhodamine B onto KOH activated carbon derived from oil palm empty fruit bunches. Arab J Chem. 2023;16(12): 105270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.105270.
13.  Thitame P, Shukla S. Adsorptive removal of reactive dyes from aqueous solution using activated carbon synthesized from waste biomass materials. Int J Environ Sci Technol. 2016;13:561-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13762-015-090 1-3.
14.  Tela TB, Asgedom AG, Yihdego HT. Removal of reactive blue 21 from aqueous solution using activated and non-activated carbon prepared from agricultural by-products. Chem Afr. 2025:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42250-025-01236-w.
15.  Saleem J, Moghal ZKB, Pradhan S, McKay G. High-performance activated carbon from coconut shells for dye removal: study of isotherm and thermodynamics. RSC Adv. 2024;14(46):33797-808. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4R A062 87F.
16.  Husain A, Ansari K, Mahajan DK, Kandasamy M, Ansari M, Giri J, et al. Harnessing sustainable N-doped activated carbon from walnut shells for advanced all-solid-state supercapacitors and targeted Rhodamine B dye adsorption. J Sci Adv Mater Devices. 2024;9(2):100699. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jsamd.2024.100699
17.  Pormazar SM, Dalvand A. Adsorption of Direct Red 23 dye from aqueous solution by means of modified montmorillonite nanoclay as a superadsorbent: mechanism, kinetic and isotherm studies. Korean J chem eng. 2020;37:2192-201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-020-06 29-8.
18.  Mahvi AH, Dalvand A. Kinetic and equilibrium studies on the adsorption of Direct Red 23 dye from aqueous solution using montmorillonite nanoclay. Water Qual Res J. 2020;55(2):132-44. https://doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2019.008.
19.  Fallahzadeh RA, Mahvi AH, Meybodi MN, Ghaneian MT, Dalvand A, Salmani MH, et al. Application of photo-electro oxidation process for amoxicillin removal from aqueous solution: Modeling and toxicity evaluation. Korean J Chem Eng. 2019;36:713-21. https://doi.org/10.10 07/s11814-019-0259-1.
20.  Bhardwaj B, Kumar R, Singh PK. An improved surface roughness prediction model using Box-Cox transformation with RSM in end milling of EN 353. J Mech Sci Technol. 2014;28:5149-57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-014-0837 -4.
21.  Zarei H, Nasseri S, Nabizadeh R, Shemirani F, Dalvand A, Mahvi AH. Modeling of arsenic removal from aqueous solution by means of MWCNT/alumina nanocomposite. Desalin Water Treat. 2017;67:196-205. https://doi.org/10. 5004/dwt.2017.20402.
22.  Pormazar SM, Ehrampoush MH, Ghaneian MT, Khoobi M, Talebi P, Dalvand A. Application of amine-functioned Fe3O4 nanoparticles with HPEI for effective humic acid removal from aqueous solution: modeling and optimization. Korean J Chem Eng. 2020;37:93-104. https://doi.org/10. 1007/s11814-019-0411-y.
23.  Choi M-Y, Kang J-K, Lee CG, Park SJ. Feasibility of fluoride removal using calcined Mactra veneriformis shells: Adsorption mechanism and optimization study using RSM and ANN. Chem Eng Res Des. 2022;188:1042-53. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2022.10.031.
24.  Azzouni D, Baragh F, Mahmoud AM, Alanazi MM, Rais Z, Taleb M. Optimization of methylene blue removal from aqueous solutions using activated carbon derived from coffee ground pyrolysis: A response surface methodology (RSM) approach for natural and cost-effective adsorption. J Saudi Chem Soc. 2023;27(5):101695. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.jscs.2023.101695.
25.  Chouaybi I, Ouassif H, Bettach M, Moujahid EM. Fast and high removal of acid red 97 dye from aqueous solution by adsorption onto a synthetic hydrocalumite: Structural characterization and retention mechanisms. Inorg Chem. Commun. 2022;146:110169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j .inoche.2022.110169.
26.  Hua Y, Xu D, Liu Z, Zhou J, Han J, Lin Z, et al. Effective adsorption and removal of malachite green and Pb2+ from aqueous samples and fruit juices by pollen–inspired magnetic hydroxyapatite nanoparticles/hydrogel beads. J Clean Prod. 2023;411:137233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jclepro.2023.137233.
27.  Mohammed BB, Hsini A, Abdellaoui Y, Abou Oualid H, Laabd M, El Ouardi M, et al. Fe-ZSM-5 zeolite for efficient removal of basic Fuchsin dye from aqueous solutions: Synthesis, characterization and adsorption process optimization using BBD-RSM modeling. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2020;8(5):104419. https://doi.org /10.1016/j.jece.2020. 104419.
28.  Muslim M, Ali A, Neogi I, Dege N, Shahid M, Ahmad M. Facile synthesis, topological study, and adsorption properties of a novel Co (II)-based coordination polymer for adsorptive removal of methylene blue and methyl orange dyes. Polyhedron. 2021;210:115519. https://doi.org /10. 1016/j.poly.2021.115519.
29.  Bhomick P, Supong A, Baruah M, Pongener C, Gogoi C, Sinha D. Alizarin Red S adsorption onto biomass-based activated carbon: optimization of adsorption process parameters using Taguchi experimental design. Int J Environ Sci Technol. 2020;17(2):1137-48. https://doi.org /10.1007/s13762-019-02389-1.
30.  Kurnia KA, Rahayu AP, Islami AF, Kusumawati Y, Wenten IG, Rahmah AU, et al. Insight into the adsorption of dyes onto chitin in aqueous solution: An experimental and computational study. Arab J Chem. 2022 ;15(11.104293). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.1042 93.
31.  Mittal H, Al Alili A, Morajkar PP, Alhassan SM. Graphene oxide crosslinked hydrogel nanocomposites of xanthan gum for the adsorption of crystal violet dye. J Mol Liq. 2021;323:115034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.11 5034.
32.  Radaei E, Alavi Moghaddam MR, Arami M. Removal of reactive blue 19 from aqueous solution by pomegranate residual-based activated carbon: optimization by response surface methodology. J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2014;12:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-336X-12-65.
33.  Wen Z, Peng R, Gao D, Lin J, Zeng J, Li Z, et al. Chitosan-alginate sponge with multiple cross-linking networks for adsorption of anionic dyes: Preparation, property evaluation, mechanism exploration, and application. J Chromatogr A. 2024;1713:464507. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.chroma.2023. 464507.
34.  Kumar D, Gupta SK. Green synthesis of novel biochar from Abelmoschus esculentus seeds for direct blue 86 dye removal: Characterization, RSM optimization, isotherms, kinetics, and fixed bed column studies. Environ Pollut. 2023;337:122559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023. 122559.
35.  Wang L. Application of activated carbon derived from ‘waste’bamboo culms for the adsorption of azo disperse dye: Kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies. J Environ. Manage. 2012;102:79-87. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.jenvman.2012.02.019.
36.  Dehghan Banadaki M, Dalvand A, Pormazar SM, Teimouri F, Shiri-Yekta Z. Feasibility and recyclability study of magnetic activated carbon derived from palm tree fibres (AC/Fe3O4) in thorium (IV) removal from aqueous solution. Int J Environ Anal Chem. 2024:1-18. https:// doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2024.2349797.
37.  Karyab H, Ghasemi M, Ghotbinia F, Nazeri N. Efficiency of chitosan nanoparticle with polyaluminum chloride in dye removal from aqueous solutions: optimization through response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD). Int J Biol Macromol. 2023; 249:125977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.1259 77.
38.  Pérez-Millán T, Mendoza-Castillo D, Aguayo-Villarreal I, Rojas-Mayorga C, Villanueva-Mejía F, Bonilla-Petriciolet A. Application of DFT and Response Surface Models to analyze the adsorption process of basic blue 3 and reactive blue 19 dyes on sugarcane bagasse and coconut endocarp biomass. J Mol Struct 2023;1287:135658. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135658.
39.  Patra T, Mohanty A, Singh L, Muduli S, Parhi PK, Sahoo TR. Effect of calcination temperature on morphology and phase transformation of MnO2 nanoparticles: A step towards green synthesis for reactive dye adsorption. Chemosphere. 2022;288:132472. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.chemosphere. 2021.132472.
40.  Sismanoglu T, Kismir Y, Karakus S. Single and binary adsorption of reactive dyes from aqueous solutions onto clinoptilolite. J Hazard Mater. 2010;184(1-3):164-9. https:/ /doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.08.019.
41.  da Silveira Neta JdJ, Moreira GC, da Silva CJ, Reis C, Reis EL. Use of polyurethane foams for the removal of the Direct Red 80 and Reactive Blue 21 dyes in aqueous medium. Desalin. 2011;281:55-60. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.desal. 2011.07.041.
42.  Srivastava P, Goyal S, Tayade R. Ultrasound‐assisted adsorption of reactive blue 21 dye on TiO2 in the presence of some rare earths (La, Ce, Pr & Gd). Can J Chem Eng. 2014;92(1):41-51. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.21799.
43. Sreelatha G, Ageetha V, Parmar J, Padmaja P. Equilibrium and kinetic studies on reactive dye adsorption using palm shell powder (an agrowaste) and chitosan. J Chem Eng. Data. 2011;56(1):35-42. https://doi.org/10.1021/je1007263.

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 12 April 2025
  • Revise Date: 15 June 2025
  • Accept Date: 16 June 2025

Share

How to cite

Statistics