Dyes Adsorption from Wastewater Using Metal-Organic Frameworks: Operational Parameters, Kinetics, and Isotherms

Document Type : Review paper

Authors

1 Department of Civil Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box: 14515/775, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Technical Engineering, Qom University of Technology (QUT), P.O. Box: 37181-46645,Qom, Iran

3 Faculty of Chemistry and Petrochemical Engineering, Standard Research Institute (SRI), P.O. Box: 31745-139, Karaj, Iran

10.30509/jscw.2025.167614.1251

Abstract

Rapid industrial growth and population increase have led to large amounts of wastewater containing various organic and inorganic pollutants, including dyes. Azo dyes, making up 70% of annual dye production, are the most widely used and hazardous class, linked to cancer, skin irritation, and respiratory issues. Their complex aromatic structure makes them resistant to conventional treatment methods, posing significant environmental challenges. Adsorption has emerged as an efficient and suitable approach for removing these compounds. Recently, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have gained considerable attention as effective adsorbents due to their unique properties, such as tunable structure, high surface area, and porosity. This article reviews the classification of dyes, their environmental impact, toxicity, and mutagenicity. It also examines the decolorization process using various MOFs as adsorbents, along with characterization methods of synthesized adsorbents and experimental procedures. Key factors affecting dye removal—including adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, pH, adsorption kinetics, isotherms, mechanisms, and adsorbent reusability—are discussed in detail.

Keywords

Main Subjects

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Journal of Studies in Color World
Volume 15, Issue 4
September 2025
Pages 512-481

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  • Receive Date: 25 July 2025
  • Revise Date: 25 August 2025
  • Accept Date: 25 August 2025

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