Multi-Analytical Investigation of Gilding Techniques in Zand Dynasty Mural Paintings: A Case Study of Karim Khan Citadel and Divankhaneh Mansion in Shiraz

Articles in Press

Document Type : Research

Authors

1 Restoration of Historical building Faculty, Architecture and Restoration Department, Shiraz university of Arts, Shiraz. Iran

2 Department of Carpet, Faculty of Applied Arts, Shiraz University of Arts, Shiraz

10.30509/jscw.2025.167674.1264

Abstract

This study represents the first comprehensive structural analysis of gilding layers in Zand-era mural paintings. Employing a multi-analytical approach including FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDS, and CIELAB, the chemical composition, structure, and degradation mechanisms of these decorative layers were investigated. The findings reveal significant differences between the two sites: in the Karim Khan Citadel, the gold layer primarily consists of high-purity gold foil (approximately 70% Au) applied over a gypsum-based substrate (CaSO₄·2H₂O and CaSO₄) with proteinaceous binder (likely animal glue) and oil, exhibiting a smoother surface and higher brightness (L* ≈ 63.13). In contrast, the Divankhaneh Mansion utilized gold amalgamtechnique (with about 70% Hg and 20% Au), incorporating secondary metallic elements such as copper (Cu), silver (Ag), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe), characterized by surface irregularities and lower brightness (L* ≈ 57.55). FTIR confirmed the presence of proteins and oils, XRD identified dominant mineral phases (gypsum and huntite), and SEM-EDS highlighted elemental variations. These results provide a scientific foundation for sustainable conservation strategies.

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Journal of Studies in Color World

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 03 December 2025

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History

  • Receive Date: 29 September 2025
  • Revise Date: 03 December 2025
  • Accept Date: 03 December 2025

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