Dispersibility Promotion of the Carbon Black Pigments and Optimization of the Process Via Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Document Type : Research

Authors

1 Chemistry Department, Faculty of Basic Science, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, P. O. Code: 5375171379, Tabriz, Iran

2 Chemistry Department, Faculty of Basic Science, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, P. O. Code: 5375171379, Tabriz, Iran.

Abstract

One of the main problems of the paint and ink industry is the dispersion of carbon black in water-based media. Surface modification of the particles was used as an effective method to overcome the problem. Diazotized sulfanilic acid was used to modify the carbon black surface as the modifier. Due to the diversity of effective parameters and vast levels, the RSM method was used to find a suitable range of the parameters (temperature, modifier amount, ultrasonic time, and pH) at 5 levels. The properties of the modified pigment were analyzed by DLS, TGA/DTG, and FT-IR. Also, the accuracy of the modification was confirmed. Optimum conditions for modification were pH = 3.66, temperatures around 25 ℃, ultrasonic time of 30 minutes, and 6.25 mmol of the modifier. The optimally modified sample showed very high dispersion stability, so this sample has remained dispersed and stable for more than 8 months without any precipitation

Keywords

Main Subjects


1.   T. Liu, R. Casado‐Portilla, J. Belmont, K. Matyjaszewski, "ATRP of butyl acrylates from functionalized carbon black surfaces", J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 43, 4695-4709, 2005.
2.   T. Liu, S. Jia, T. Kowalewski, K. Matyjaszewski, R. Casado-Portilla, J. Belmont, "Water-dispersible carbon black nanocomposites prepared by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization in protic media", Macromol. 39,548-556, 2006.
3.   F. Nsib, N. Ayed and Y. Chevalier, "Selection of dispersants for the dispersion of carbon black in organic medium", Prog. Org. Coat. 55,303-310,2006.
4.   G. Kühner and M. Voll, "Manufacture of carbon black", Carbon black, 1-66, 2018.
5.   L. Wang, L. Zhang, D. Wang, M. Li, C. Du, S. Fu, "Surface modification of carbon black by thiol-ene click reaction for improving dispersibility in aqueous phase", J. Dispersion Sci. Technol, 40, 152-160, 2019.
6.   C. Yoon and J. H. Choi, "Synthesising polymeric dispersants to apply to carbon black pigmented mill bases for use in ink‐jet inks", Color. Technol. 136,60-74, 2020.
7.   Q. Jiang, S. Wang, S. Xu, "Preparation and characterization of water-dispersible carbon black grafted with polyacrylic acid by high-energy electron beam irradiation", J. Mater. Sci. 53, 6106-6115, 2018.
8.   V. Ruiz, L. Yate, J. Langer, I. Kosta, H. J. Grande and R. Tena-Zaera, "PEGylated carbon black as lubricant nanoadditive with enhanced dispersion stability and tribological performance", Tribol. Int. 137, 228-235, 2019.
9.     J. Y. Zhao, C. Y. Wang, "Highly aqueous-dispersible carbon black grafted with SAS and AA copolymers", Chem. Lett. 34, 580-581, 2005.
10. R. D. Smith, P. G. Pickup, "Voltammetric quantification of the spontaneous chemical modification of carbon black by diazonium coupling", Electrochimica Acta. 54, 2305-2311, 2009.
11. M. Toupin, D. Bélanger, "Spontaneous functionalization of carbon black by reaction with 4-nitrophenyldiazonium cations", Langmuir. 24, 1910-1917, 2008.
12. M. Toupin and D. Bélanger, "Thermal stability study of aryl modified carbon black by in situ generated diazonium salt", J. Phys. Chem. C. 111,5394-5401,2007.
13. M. Sandomierski, T. Buchwald, B. Strzemiecka and A. Voelkel, "Carbon black modified with 4‐hydroxymethylbenzenediazonium salt as filler for phenol‐formaldehyde resins and abrasive tools", J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 137,48160, 2020.
14. S. Mahouche-Chergui, S. Gam-Derouich, C. Mangeney, M. M. Chehimi, "Aryl diazonium salts: a new class of coupling agents for bonding polymers, biomacromolecules and nanoparticles to surfaces", Chem. Soc. Rev. 40,4143-4166,2011.
15. Y. Liu, W. Xu, J. Zhu, C. Wang and S. Sheng, "Polyamide 6/modified carbon black nanocomposites prepared via in situ polymerization", J. Macromol. Sci. Part B,54,469-480,2015.
16. D. German, E. Kolobova, E. Pakrieva, S. A. Carabineiro, E. Sviridova, S. Perevezentsev, S. Alijani, A. Villa, L. Prati, P. Postnikov, "The Effect of Sibunit Carbon Surface Modification with Diazonium Tosylate Salts of Pd and Pd-Au Catalysts on Furfural Hydrogenation", Mater. 15,4695,2022.
17. I. N. Dammulla and G. M. Swain, "Inhibiting the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Kinetics on Carbon Fiber Epoxy Composites Through Diazonium Surface Modification-Impacts on the Galvanic Corrosion of Coupled Aluminum Alloys", J. Electrochem. Soc, 2022.
18. S. J. S. Chelladurai, K. Murugan, A. P. Ray, M. Upadhyaya, V. Narasimharaj, S. Gnanasekaran, "Optimization of process parameters using response surface methodology: A review", Mater. Today: Proceedings, 37, 1301-1304, 2021.
19. S. J. M. Breig and K. J. K. Luti, "Response surface methodology: A review on its applications and challenges in microbial cultures", Mater. Today: Proceedings, 42, 2277-2284, 2021.
20. N. Arahman, A. Fahrina, S. Amalia, R. Sunarya, S. Mulyati, "Effect of PVP on the characteristic of modified membranes made from waste PET bottles for humic acid removal", F1000Research,6,2017.
21. I. Faniyi, O. Fasakin, B. Olofinjana, A. Adekunle, T. Oluwasusi, M. Eleruja, E. Ajayi, "The comparative analyses of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) prepared via green, mild and chemical approaches", SN Appl. Sci. 1,1-7, 2019.
22. H. Karimipour, A. Shahbazi, V. Vatanpour, "Fouling decline and retention increase of polyethersulfone membrane by incorporating melamine-based dendrimer amine functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets (GO/MDA)", J. Environ. Chem. Eng, 9, 104849, 2021.
23. C. Muthuselvi, S. Pandiaraja, B. Ravikumar, S. Athimoolam, N. Srinivasan and R. Krishnakum, "FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopic analyzes of indeno quinoxaline derivative crystal", Asian J. Appl. Sci. 11, 83-91, 2018.
24. S. Ramesh, L. J. Yi, "FTIR spectra of plasticized high molecular weight PVC–LiCF3SO3 electrolytes", Ionics, 15, 413-420, 2009.
25. M. Palencia, B. Rivas, E. Pereira, A. Arrieta, "Polyelectrolyte adsorption study on polyethersulfone membrane during polymer-enhanced ultrafiltration by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy", Polym. Bull. 65, 145-156, 2010.
26. H. Moghanian, A. Mobinikhaledi, A. Blackman, E. Sarough-Farahani, "Sulfanilic acid-functionalized silica-coated magnetite nanoparticles as an efficient, reusable and magnetically separable catalyst for the solvent-free synthesis of 1-amido-and 1-aminoalkyl-2-naphthols", RSC Adv. 4, 28176-28185, 2014.
27. M. J. Adams, "Chemometrics in analytical spectroscopy", Edition 2, 2004.
28. A. K. Abdessalem, N. Oturan, N. Bellakhal, M. Dachraoui and M. A. Oturan, "Experimental design methodology applied to electro-Fenton treatment for degradation of herbicide chlortoluron", Appl. Catal. B, 78, 334-341, 2008