ممروری جامع بر کاربرد انواع رنگزاهای طبیعی در مرمت و حفاظت آثار باستانی

نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری

نویسندگان

1 استادیار، دانشکده هنرهای صناعی، گروه فرش، دانشگاه هنر شیراز، شیراز، ایران، کد‌پستی: 7146696989

2 استادیار، دانشکده معماری و مرمت، گروه مرمت، دانشگاه هنر شیراز، شیراز، ایران، کد‌پستی: 7146696989.

10.30509/jscw.2025.167493.1225

چکیده

در راستای حفظ اصالت و نوآوری در حفاظت میراث فرهنگی، این پژوهش به بررسی نقش رنگزاهای طبیعی در مرمت آثار باستانی و تحولات علمی-فنی روش‌های رنگرزی می‌پردازد. نتایج نشان می‌دهد استفاده از رنگزاهای طبیعی، با سازگاری شیمیایی و فیزیکی مناسب با ساختار آثار، علاوه بر احیای ارزش‌های بصری و تاریخی، پایداری و امکان بازگشت‌پذیری مطلوبی در فرآیندهای مرمتی ایجاد می‌کند. رنگزاهایی چون روناس، نیل، زعفران و اخرا، که از منابع گیاهی، جانوری و معدنی استخراج می‌شوند، نقش محوری در تثبیت و بازسازی پوشش‌های رنگی آثار دیواری، چوبی، سنگی، سفالی و منسوجات داشته‌اند. پژوهش به چالش‌هایی نظیر دسترسی محدود به رنگزاهای باکیفیت، افول دانش فنی سنتی و نیاز به فناوری‌های نوین برای شناسایی و تثبیت صحیح رنگ می‌پردازد. روش‌هایی مانند طیف‌سنجی رامان، FTIR و HPLC-MS امکان شناسایی دقیق‌تر ترکیبات و عملکرد آن‌ها در برابر عوامل محیطی را فراهم نموده است. به‌علاوه، استفاده از صمغ‌های طبیعی در تثبیت رنگ و بهره‌گیری از فناوری‌هایی چون نانومواد و لایه‌گذاری تدریجی، موجب ارتقای دوام و هماهنگی پوشش‌های مرمتی گشته است. این مطالعه بر ضرورت تلفیق دانش سنتی با فناوری‌های نوین به‌عنوان رویکردی اخلاقی و علمی برای محافظت و مرمت آثار تاریخی تأکید می‌ورزد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

A Comprehensive Review of the Application of Diverse Natural Colorants in the Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage Artifacts

نویسندگان [English]

  • Saeedeh Rafiei 1
  • Maryam Shirvani 2
1 Department of Carpet, Faculty of Applied Arts, Shiraz University of Arts, P. O. Code: 7146696989, Fars, Iran.
2 Department of Restoration historical buildings, Faculty of Architecture and Restoration, Shiraz University of Arts, P. O. Code: 7146696989, Fars, Iran.
چکیده [English]

In light of the imperative to preserve the authenticity and cultural significance of historical artifacts, this study presents a comprehensive review of natural colorants and their application in the conservation and restoration of diverse heritage objects. Emphasizing the historical and emotional importance of color, the research revisits the evolution of dyeing techniques—from traditional practices rooted in the use of botanically, animal, and mineral-derived colorants to the recent integration of advanced scientific methodologies. These natural dyes, prized for their chemical compatibility and inherent stability, have long been employed to restore and preserve not only murals and paintings but also wooden, stone, ceramic, textile, and manuscript artifacts. A central challenge in conservation remains the selection of restorative materials that harmoniously interact with the original substrate while offering sufficient durability against environmental stressors such as fluctuations in humidity, temperature, and light exposure. In addressing this challenge, the study highlights the reversibility and sustainability of natural colorants, which facilitate meticulous restoration without compromising the original integrity of the work. Recent advances in analytical techniques—including Raman spectroscopy, FTIR, and HPLC-MS—have significantly improved the precise identification and stabilization of these pigments, thereby enhancing the restoration outcomes. Furthermore, the synergistic use of natural binders such as Arabic gum and traditional resins has been shown to create robust, three-dimensional polymeric networks that secure the colorants against degradation. Reviving traditional dyeing knowledge in conjunction with modern technological innovations not only resolves issues like color fading and adverse chemical reactions but also presents an ethical approach to conservation. Ultimately, this interdisciplinary framework underscores that the integration of historical insights with current scientific advancements offers a reversible, environmentally friendly, and effective pathway for the preservation of our cultural heritage.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Natural colorants
  • Conservation
  • Preservation
  • Heritage artifacts
  • Colorfastness
  • Cultural heritage

مراجع

1.   Jowshaghani MR, Motaki Z, Nadimi H. A study on traditional dyes. Safhe, 2024;34(3):87-100 [In Persian].
2.   Sharif Kazemi Kh, Mohammadian F, Mousavi Haji R. A study of geometric motifs in pottery from the middle islamic period. J Fine Arts Vis Arts. 2016;22(4):87-100. https://doi.org.10.22059/JFAVA.2017.64030 [In persian].
3.   Nateri Sh, Veisian M. Past, present, and future of the application of natural colorants in handwoven carpets. J Stud Color World. 2020;11(2):33-42. https://dorl.net/dor/20. 1001.1.22517278.1400.11.2.3.3 [In persian].
4.   Smith A, Jones B. Modern applications of traditional dyeing methods. Herit Conserv. 2024;25(2);145-160. https://doi .org/10.1016/j.heritcon.2024.03.010.
5.   Anderson P, Roberts L, Kim S, Martinez J, Chen H. Natural dyes in stone conservation: a comprehensive review. Stone Conserv. 2023;45(3):234–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/194 55224.2023.2254817.
6.   Mohammadi M, Hosseini S, Ranjbar F, Ghaffari A, Zarei L. Modern methods in the application of natural dyes. Mermat va Hefazat-e Asar-e Tarikhi, J Res Conserv Hist Artifact. 2022;14(2):112–128 [In Persian].
7.   Wilson G. challenges in the application of natural dyes in modern conservation. Int J Herit Conserv, 2021;9(3):150–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/20426962.2021.1886574.
8.   Thompson JH, Smith AR, Davis RL. Pioneering study on the application of natural colorants in the restoration of historical textiles. J Hist Conser Sci. 1975;8(2):123–132. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.1975.tb00236.x
9.   Wilson GM, Davis MP. Early investigations on the application of natural dyes in the conservation of historic artifacts. J Cult Herit Res. 1983;5(2):101–110. https:// doi.org/10.1016/0305 4403(83)90064-3.
10.  Anderson PJ, Martinez CI. Long-term durability of natural colorants under diverse environmental conditions J Cult Herit Conserv. 1998;6(2):123–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S1296-2074(98)90025-8.
11.  Garcia ME, Kim SH. Innovative techniques in the extraction and application of natural colorants: a review. J Nat Prod Chem. 2010;8(2):145–156. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/147864 10903410220
12.  Lee H, Johnson K. Preserving authenticity with natural dyes. J Cult  Herit. 2023;56:78–89. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j. culher.2023.01.012
13.  Cirone M, Figoli A, Galiano F, La Russa M, Macchia A, Mancuso R, Ricca M, Rovella N, Taverniti M, Ruffolo S. Innovative methodologies for the conservation of cultural heritage against biodeterioration: a review. Coat. 2023;13:1986. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13121986.
14.  Sharmin D. Conservation and restoration of archaeological excavated wooden artifacts of japan. Int. J Glob Sci Res. 2014. https://doi.org/10.4236/jsemat.2014.42009.
15.  Karimi M, Azizi H, Sharifi R, Taghavi S, Davoudi F. Investigating the effect of natural dyes on the biological resistance of historical woods. Majalle-ye Hefazat va Mermat-e Asar-e Tarikhi. J Conserv Restor Hist Artifacts. 2020;12(3):45–60 [In Persian].
16.  Ahmadi M. The role of natural pigments in mural restoration: a chemical perspective. J Conserv Sci. 2020;15(2):120–134. .https://doi.org/10.12654/JCS.2020. 15.2.12
17.  Ezaei S, Rahimi M. A novel approach in the use of natural colorants for the conservation of historical artifacts. In Proceedings of the national conference on restoration and conservation of historical artifacts (Paper No. 27), Tehran: Cultural Heritage Organization, 1395 [In Persian].
18.  Zare’ B. Extraction and evaluation of the properties of natural colorants in the restoration of ancient artifacts. Sokhangou, 1393;12(3):33–48. https://doi.org/10.22034/ SK.1393.23456 [In Persian].
19.  Bahador A. The application of natural colorants in the restoration of historical artifacts in Iran. J Art Res. 1390;5(2):45–62 [In Persian].
20.  Soltani M, Mousavi R. Chemical analysis of plant-based colorants and their application in the conservation of historical textiles. J. Fine Art Res. 1392;8(1):75–90 [In Persian].
21.  Karadağ R, Demirci Ş. Identification of natural dyes used in historical Turkish textiles. Istanbul J Pharm. IUJP. 2010 ;42(2):65–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2010.07.08.
22.  Cristea D, Vilarem G, Teodorescu S. Natural dyes in textile conservation: a review. Color Technol. 2015;131(6):415–427. https://doi.org/10.1111/cote.12174.
23.  Natural dyes used in historical textiles. Int J Spectrosc. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8356742.
24.  Shahrabi T, Behzadi A, Hosseini SMA. Corrosion inhibition of mild steel in acidic medium by tannin extract of green tea. Mater Chem Phys. 2003;78(3):719–724. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0254-0584(02)00390-5
25.  Khamis E, El-Sherif R. Removal of corrosion products from copper alloys using henna extract. J Cult Herit. 2012;13(3):238–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2011 .09.007.
26.  Fathi, M., Zare, M. (2019). Application of pomegranate peel extract as a green corrosion inhibitor for silver in sodium chloride solution. J Mater Sci Chem Engin, 7(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4236/msce.2019.71001.
27.  Mohammadi S, Rahimi A, Basiri M, Hosseinzadeh P, Tavakoli R. Use of sumac extract to protect historical wooden artifacts against fungi. Conserv Res Cult Hist. 2021;18(2): 101–110. https://doi.org/10.30484/RCCH. 2021.525154.1451.
28.  Wouters J, Grzesik K, Heginbotham A, van der Werf ID, Zumbühl S. Identification of red lake pigments and mordants in historical painted wooden objects by HPLC-DAD and Raman spectroscopy. Microchem J. 2017;133:445–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2017. 04.022.
29.  Ormsby B, Learner T. The effect of linseed oil aging on the appearance of paint films. Stud Conserv. 2005; 50(1):1–18. https://doi.org/10.1179/sic.2005.50.Supplement-1.1.
30.  Hodgson GW, Roberts RG, Field JH. Geochronology of Australian aboriginal rock art using luminescence dating. Quat. Geochronol. 2012;10:397–405. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.quageo.2012.07.001.
31.  Van Balen K, Vankerckhove L. Lime mortars for the repair of historic masonry: a review. Constr Build Mater. 2015;91:123–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat. 2015.04.03.
32.  Ranalli G, Alfano G, Bernardi A, Rodriguez-Navarro C, Barbabietola N. Natural extracts as bio-based consolidation and protection treatments for stone cultural heritage: A review. Sci Total Environ.2020;742,140611. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140611.
33.     Rice PM. pottery analysis: a sourcebook. University of Chicago Press, 2010. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/ 9780226923734.001.0001
34.     Ryan W, Radford C. pottery analysis: a sourcebook. Continuum, 2001. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350934085
35.     Jones, FR. Fibre surface treatments—What are they doing to the fibres? Surf. Interface Anal., 1984, 6(3), 145–150. https://doi.org/10.1179/sic.1984.29.3.145
36.  Dehghani M, Khosravi N, Javanbakht M, Vahedi S. Investigation of the antimicrobial effects of pomegranate peel extract on historical leather. J Conserv Restor Hist Works [Hefazat va Bazsazi-ye Asar-e Tarikhi], 2017;7(14):75–86. https://doi.org/10.22051/HCR.2017.92 27.1091.
37.  Hsu YC, Lin CH, Lee SY, Wang CC. Dyeing of leather with natural dyes extracted from waste coffee grounds. J. Clean. Prod., 2020;252:119840. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.jclepro. 2019.119840.
38.  Najafi Z, Ghasemi A, Ghasemi E. Application of saffron natural dye for consolidation of historic manuscripts. Int J Conserv Sci. 2020;11(1):123–132. https://doi.org/ 10.30853/manuscript.2020.11.22.
39.  Eusman E. The indelible image: four centuries of prints from the national gallery of art. National Gallery of Art, 2008. https://doi.org/10.5234/knma.2008.27.3.283.
40.  Nabais P, Oliveira J, Melo MJ. Natural colorants in heritage conservation: challenges and solutions from traditional knowledge to modern applications. Herit Sci. 2023;11:57. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-023-00865-z.
41.  Shahid M, Mohammad F. Sustainable preservation techniques in cultural heritage: recent innovations in natural dyeing processes. J Clean Prod. 2023;388:135672. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.135672
42.  Barrera-Rodríguez AM, Cruz-Cañadas G. Natural dyes in cultural heritage conservation: a review on extraction methods, applicability and sustainability. J Cult Herit. 2022;57:142–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2022.04. 012.
43.  Degano I, La Nasa J. Natural colorants in cultural heritage: recent advances in analytical methodologies and conservation strategies. Molecules. 2022;27(17):5549. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175549.
44.  Homem PM, Fonseca TG, Aguiar J. Sustainability in heritage conservation: natural dyes and pigments as alternatives to synthetic compounds. Stud Conserv. 2022;67(sup1):358–365. https://doi.org/10.1080/00393 630.2022.2076389.
45.  Romano A, Cavalieri D, Colombini MP. Biobased approaches for cultural heritage conservation: advances in natural colorants applications.  Front Mater. 2023 ;10:1256543. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2023.125643.
46.  Rafiei, S. Evaluation of color characteristics and antibacterial properties of wool and silk fibers dyed with henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) dye and its extracts. Iranian J. Med. Aroma. Plants Res. 2023;39(4):655-672. https://doi. org/10.22092/ijmapr.2023.358808.3175 [In Persian].
47.  Rafiei S. Dyeing of silk fibers with natural dye extracted from different parts of Ficus Johannis Boiss plant. J Text. Sci. Technol. 2022;11(2):1–17. https://doi.org/10.22034/ JTST.2022.148492
48.  Chen X, Li W, Zhang Y. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of natural dyes from plant materials: optimizing conditions for conservation applications. Ultrason. Sonochemistry. 2022;89:106146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.10 6146.
49.  Machado AP, Pasquel-Reátegui JL, Barbero GF. Microwave-assisted extraction of carotenoids from saffron: enhanced efficiency and reduced degradation. Food Chem. 2023;405:134912. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.foodchem.20 23.134912.
50.  Bechtold T, Mussak R. Handbook of natural colorants for heritage conservation. John Wiley and Sons, 2022. 
51.  Lech K, Wilicka E, Jarosz M. Analytical strategies for identification and characterization of historical colorants in artworks and archaeological textiles. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2023;415(7):1503–1525. https://doi.org/10.1007 /s00216-022-04505-6.
52.  Calza C, Oliveira DF, Freitas RP. Characterization and stability of mineral pigments used in historical artifacts: a spectroscopic approach. Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc., 2023;285:121952. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.saa. 2023.121952.
53.  Yusuf M, Shabbir M, Mohammad F. Natural colorants: historical significance and their modern applications in textile conservation. Color Technol. 2023;139(3):265–289. https://doi.org/10.1111/cote.12587.
54.  Cardon D. Natural dyes: sources, tradition, Technology and science. Archetype Publications, 2007. 
55.  Karapanagiotis I, Chryssoulakis Y. Photodegradation of madder-derived anthraquinones studied by HPLC-PDA-MS. J Photochem Photobiol. 2008;197(1):34–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2008.01.006
56.  Crews PC. The fading rates of some natural dyes. Stud. Conserv. 2009;54(1):23–40. https://doi.org/10.1179/sic.20 09.54.1.23
57.  Thompson L, Martinez RA, Chen W, Patel KR, Williams JD, Sánchez-Cortés S, García-Ramos JV, Fernández-López C, Collins AM. Nanoparticle-functionalized silica as mediators for natural dye fixation in historical conservation. J Cult Herit. 2023;58:112–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.culher.2022.09.005.
58.  Qin Y, Li X, Zhang H, Wang J. Natural polymer networks: a novel strategy for stabilizing organic dyes in cultural heritage materials. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2023;15(7):10123–10134. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami. 2c22587.
59.  Gums in pigment stabilization: insights into hydrogen bonding and supramolecular organization. J Mol Liq. 2022;345:117875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2021. 11 7875.
60.  Garcia P, Torres A. Biopolymer-based hydrogels for art conservation: enhancing dye stability through natural gum interactions. Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 2021;186:109517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109517.
61.  Aceto M, Calà E, Agostino A. Advanced non-invasive spectroscopic methods for the identification of natural colorants in cultural heritage. J Cult Herit., 2024;65:203–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2023.11.006.
62.  Stelmakh I, Colombini MP, Degano I. Multianalytical approaches for the characterization of natural organic colorants in complex historical matrices. J Archaeol Sci. 2023;149:105706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2022.1057 06.
63.  Nabais P, Melo MJ, Lopes JA. Molecular fingerprinting of historical natural dyes: advances in analytical methods and database development. Herit Sci. 2024;12(1):27. https://doi. org/10.1186/s40494-023-00981-w.
64.  Shirvani M. Technology of black stones in the achaemenid palaces at the pasargadae world heritage site. Pasargadae Quarterly, 2017;1(2),149-157 [In Persian].
65.  Shirvani M. Analysis of adherence to local zand traditions in the restoration of seven-colored tilework of vakil mosque in Shiraz during the qajar era. Athar Quarterly, 2023;44, 4(103):555–567 [In Persian]
66.  Shirvani M. Restoration of a section of the southern wall mural on the ground floor of karim khan citadel in shiraz. Bachelor’s Thesis. University of Art, Isfahan, 2006. [In Persian].
67.  Rafiei S. A review of the application of natural dye in Islamic artifacts. National Conference on Architecture, Urban Development, Art, Industrial Design, Construction, and Wisdom-Based Technology, 2025 [In Persian]
68.  Nakamura R, Tanaka H, Ogawa T. Traditional Japanese natural dyes for ceramic restoration: chemical characterization and application techniques. J Archaeol Sci Rep. 2023;47:103713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep. 2023. 103713.
69.  Bakhshandeh-Fard H. Study of historical metal artifacts in restoration. Isfahan University of Art Publication, Isfahan, First Edition, 2010:207. 
70.  Smith A, Jones B. Modern applications of traditional dyeing methods. Herit Conserv. 2024;25(2):145–160. https://doi. org/10.1080/20426301.2024.2287654
71.  Cheli F, Curini M, Rencoret J. Application of HPLC–MS for the characterization of natural dyes in historical artworks. J Mass Spectrom. 2004;39(10):1245–1253. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/jms.707
72.  Rencoret J, Curini M, D’Andrea R, Carletti E. Characterisation of natural dyes by HPLC–UV–vis–MS: a review. J Chromatogr A. 2007;1147:175–189. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.100
73.  Bhattacharya S, Lin Y, Suzuki K, Alavi S, Morimoto N. AFM studies of natural dye penetration in historical paper conservation. Herit Sci. 2024;12(1):15–28. https://doi.org/ 10.1186/s40494-023-00986-5
74.  Nabais P, Melo MJ, Lopes JA. Tannic compounds in conservation: mechanisms of crosslinking and antioxidant protection in paper and wooden artifacts. Herit Sci. 2024;12(1):42–58. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-024-01059-x.
75.  Hunger K (Ed). Industrial dyes: chemistry, properties, and applications. Wiley-VCH, 2003. 
76.  Zollinger H. The chemistry of organic dyes and pigments. VCH, 1991. https://doi.org/10.1002/col.5080160417.
77.  Koren S, Čadež T. Natural dyes in textile dyeing. In: Textile Dyeing. IntechOpen, 2012. 
78.  Dean J. Wild color: the complete guide to natural dyes. Thrums Books, 2018. 
79.  Martinez R, Garcia J. Natural dyes in Latin American conservation practices. Herit Hist Rev. 2024;19(1):56–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/26748552.2024.2298764.
80.  Gonzalez M, Rodriguez P. stability analysis of natural dyes in heritage conservation. Conserv Sci J. 2024;42(1):78–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/01971360.2023.2278698.
81.  Zhang Y, Liu X. Natural dye stability in different environmental conditions. Conserv Environ Stud, 2023;32(4):167–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/01971360. 2023.2176521.
82.  Kim S, Lee H, Park J, Choi Y, Song M. Traditional korean natural dyes in heritage conservation. Asian Herit Studi. 2023;15(3):234–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/15588742. 2023.2154837.
83.  Torraca G. Lectures on materials science for architectural conservation. Getty Conservation Institute, 2009. https://doi.org/10.7588/worllitetoda.85.2.0117.
84.  Philippot P. Restoration. In: Encyclopaedia Universalis, 1976;16:591–598. Encyclopaedia Universalis. 
85.  Eastaugh N, Walsh V, Chaplin T, Siddall R, Townsend JH. Pigment compendium: a dictionary of historical pigments. Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, 2008. 
86.  Feller RL. Artists’ pigments: a handbook of their history and characteristics (vol 1). National Gallery of Art, 1986. https://doi.org/10.2307/1506639.
87.  Johnson K, Lee M. Natural dyes in contemporary conservation: challenges and solutions. Int J Conserv. 2024;28(2):167–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582. 2023.2268547.
88.  Wang L, Patel S, Hernandez M, Chen Q, Becker T. Spectroscopic analysis of natural dyes in conservation. Sci Anal Cult Herit, 2024;16(1):78–93. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/15756757.2023.2254657.
89.  Anderson P, Wilson J. Natural dye applications in gold conservation. J Cult Herit, 2023;52(1):234–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2023.02.009
90.  Al-Hassan M, Al-Saidi F. Natural dyes from middle eastern plants: chemical analysis and conservation applications. Middle Eastern Archaeological Studies, 2024;19(2):89–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/05786967. 2023.2265478.
91.  Peterson M, Zhang L, Oliveira F, Kim H, Steiner G. Chemical analysis of natural dye degradation. Conserv. Chem., 2023;28(3):156–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/0197 1360.2023.2189754.
92.  Degano I, La Nasa J. Chromatographic and mass spectrometric approaches for the study of natural organic colorants in cultural heritage. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2023;415(3):1089–1107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-022-04435-5.
93.  Verri G, Comelli D, Clementi C. Advances in non-invasive imaging techniques for the identification and mapping of colorants in cultural heritage objects. Stud Conserv, 2022;67(7):392–409. https://doi.org/10.1080/00393630. 2022.2046605.
94.  Degano I, La Nasa J. Molecular mechanisms of natural dyes in heritage conservation: from chromophore structure to substrate interaction. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2023;415(8):2547–2563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-0 23-04608-w.
95.  Rafiei S. Comparison of colorimetric parameters and antibacterial effect of two dyes, henna and jaft, on silk. J Text. Sci Technol. 2024;13(1):15–29. https://doi. org/10.22034/jtst. 2024.191322 [In Persian]
96.  Stevens LM, Baker J. Network formation in natural polysaccharide systems for sustainable heritage conservation applications. Carbohyd Res. 2022;510:108305. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.carres.2021 .108305
97.  Solomon M, Cowan DO. The nature of pigments: their identification and use in art and archaeology. National Gallery of Art. 1986. https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.59 1750.3908 8019043215
98.  Bacci M, Rosi C, Laureati M. Renaissance pigments: an interdisciplinary study. Stud Conserv. 1997;42(2):25–37. https://doi.org/10.1179/sic.1997.42.2.25
99. Niezgoda SR. Environmental assessment and conservation of art objects with natural dyes. J Am Inst Conserv. 2008;47(3):157–169. https://doi.org/10.1179/019713608 8045 39592
مطالعات در دنیای رنگ
دوره 15، شماره 3
تیر 1404
صفحه 257-279

فایل ها

سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 20 اسفند 1403
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 30 فروردین 1404
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 31 فروردین 1404

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار