نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری
نویسندگان
1 دانشگاه تربیت مدرس
2 گروه مرمت و باستانسنجی، دانشکده حفاظت آثار فرهنگی، دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Pigment studies in cultural heritage and archaeology have been profoundly reshaped by the development of archaeometric approaches, offering new interdisciplinary insights into historical materials. Among historical pigments, orpiment (arsenic sulfide, As₂S₃) holds particular significance due to its widespread use in artworks and alchemical traditions. This article presents a focused review of orpiment, addressing its historical use, geological sources, structural characteristics, degradation pathways, artificial production, and analytical identification methods. Traditionally sourced from geothermal and volcanic regions such as Iran, Turkey, and Armenia, orpiment is highly sensitive to environmental factors including light, humidity, and reactive oxygen species, which promote its transformation into arsenolite, arsenates, and dark sulfide compounds. From the fifteenth century onward, artificial production methods were developed in Europe and refined through technological progress. The pigment is commonly identified using techniques such as XRF, SEM–EDX, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy. Understanding orpiment’s behavior, degradation mechanisms, and interactions with environmental conditions and binding media is essential for developing effective conservation and restoration strategies for historical artworks.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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