بررسی میزان فلزات سنگین موجود در مواد رنگ‌کننده مو تولیدات داخل کشور

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد، گروه پژوهشی مواد رنگزای آلی، پژوهشکده مواد رنگزا، پژوهشگاه رنگ، تهران، ایران، صندوق‌پستی: 654-16765.

2 استادیار، گروه پژوهشی محیط زیست و رنگ، پژوهشکده مواد رنگزا، پژوهشگاه رنگ، تهران، ایران، صندوق‌پستی: 654-16765.

3 دانشیار، گروه پژوهشی مواد رنگزای آلی، پژوهشکده مواد رنگزا، پژوهشگاه رنگ، تهران، ایران، صندوق‌پستی: 654-16765.

4 استادیار، گروه پژوهشی نمایش رنگ و پردازش تصویر، پژوهشکده فیزیک رنگ، پژوهشگاه رنگ، تهران، ایران، صندوق‌پستی: 654-16765.

5 دکتری، دانشگاه استانبول تکنیک، دانشکده شیمی، ماسلاک، استانبول، ترکیه، صندوق پستی: 34469 TR.

6 کارشناس ارشد، گروه پژوهشی مواد رنگزای آلی، پژوهشکده مواد رنگزا، پژوهشگاه رنگ، تهران، ایران، صندوق‌پستی: 654-16765.

چکیده

افزایش استفاده از مواد رنگزای مصنوعی برای مو در ایران، وجود فلزات سنگین ، داشتن عوارضی جانبی (حساسیت‌‌های پوستی) و خطر سرطان‌زا بودن موجب شده است که مواد رنگ‌کننده مو مورد توجه و بررسی پژوهشگران قرار گیرند. هدف از این مطالعه که با انتخاب تصادفی پنج برند ایرانی در سطح شهر تهران و مقایسه آنها با دو برند خارجی انجام گرفت، تعیین غلظت فلزات سنگین (سرب، آرسنیک، نیکل، کادمیم و کرم) در مواد رنگزای مو تولید شده در داخل کشور است. غلظت فلزات سنگین پس از انجام مراحل هضم اسیدی به روش طیف‌سنجی پلاسمای جفت‌شده القایی (ICP MASS) اندازه‌گیری شدند. نتایج بدست آمده نشان می‌دهد که غلظت فلزات سنگین در 35 نمونه اندازه‌گیری شده با سه بار تکرار کمتر از ppm  10 و در حد مجاز بوده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigation of Amount of Heavy Metals in Hair Colorants Produced in Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Kamaledin Gharanjig 1
  • Seyed Masoud Etezad 2
  • Shohre Rouhani 3
  • Ali Reza Mahmoodi 4
  • Yaghub Mahmiani 5
  • Azam Mehranfar 6
1 Department of Organic Colorants, Institute for Color Science and Technology, P. O. Box: 16765-654, Tehran, Iran.
2 Department of Environmental Research, Institute for Color Science and Technology, P. O. Box: 16765-654, Tehran, Iran.
3 Department of Organic Colorants, Institute for Color Science and Technology, P. O. Box: 16765-654, Tehran, Iran.
4 Department of Color Imaging and Color Image Processing, Institute for Color Science and Technology, P. O. Box: 16765-654, Tehran, Iran.
5 Technical University of Istanbul, Department of Chemistry, P. O. Box: TR34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
6 Department of Organic Colorants, Institute for Color Science and Technology, P. O. Box: 16765-654, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

The increasing use of synthetic hair dyes in Iran, the heavy metals present, side effects (skin sensitivities), and the risk of carcinogenicity have made researchers investigate these dyes. This study was carried out by randomly selecting five Iranian brands in the city of Tehran and comparing them with two foreign brands. It was determined the concentration of heavy metals (Lead, Arsenic, Nickel, Cadmium, and Chromium) in domestically produced hair dyes had been investigated. Heavy metal concentrations were measured by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP MASS) following acid digestion. The results showed that the concentration of heavy metals in 35 samples measured with three repetitions was less than 10 ppm and within the permissible limit.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Hair Dyes
  • Heavy Metals
  • ICP Mass
  • Toxicity
  • Iran
1.  The Economist, "Hair dye—fast-growing business", 2015. 
2.   IC. Nnorom, JC. Igwe, CG. Oji-Nnorom", Trace metal contents of facial (make-up) cosmetics commonly used in Nigeria", Afr. J. Biotechnol. 4, 1133-1138, 2005.
3.   Z. Mosavi, P. Ziarati, A. Shariatdoost, "Determination and safety assessment of lead and cadmium in eye shadows purchased in local market in Tehran", J. Environ .Anal. Toxicol. 3, 2161-525, 2013.
4.   J. E. Kim, H. D. Jung, H.Kang, "A survey of the awareness, knowledge and behavior of hair dye use in a Korean population with gray hair", Ann. Dermatol. 24, 274–279, 2012.
5.   M. Gago‐Dominguez, JE. Castelao, JM. Yuan, MC. Yu, RK. Ross, "Use of permanent hair dyes and bladder‐cancer risk", Int. J. Cancer. 91, 575-9, 2001.
6.   C. Zviak, J. Millequant, "Hair coloring", In: C. Bouillon, J. Wilkinson, 2nd ed. "The science of hair care", Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, Florida, US, 251–313. 2005.
7.   G. J. Nohynek, E. Antignac, T. Re, H. Toutain., "Review safety assessment of personal care products/cosmetics and their ingredients", Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 243, 239–259, 2010.
8.   S.A.da França, M.F. Dario, V.B.Esteves, A.R.Baby, M.V.R. Velasco, "Types of hair dye and their mechanisms of action", Cosmet. 2, 110-126, 2015.
9.   US Food and Drug Administration, "Hair dye and hair relaxers", 2013
10.  P. Ghosh, A.K. Sinha, "Hair Colors: Classification, Chemistry and a Review of Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Methods for AnalysisAnal", Lett. 41, 2291. 2008.
11.  M.S. Balsam, E. Sagarin, "Cosmetics science and technology", John Wiley & Sons, Foltz-Gray, Dorothy, "Declare Your Right to Dye", 54-57. 1996.
12.  D. Hamann, K. Yazar, C. R. Hamann, J. P. Thyssen, C. Lidén, "p-Phenylenediamine and other allergens in hair dye products in the United States: a consumer exposure study", Contact Dermatitis. 70, 213–218, 2014. 
13.  I. E. Lopez, J. E. Turrentine, Jr. P. D. Cruz, "Clues to diagnosis of connubial contact dermatitis to paraphenylenediamine", Dermatitis. 25, 32–33. 2014.
14.  N. Madnani, K. Khan, "Hair cosmetics", Symp. Hair Disord. 79, 654–667, 2013.
15.                A. Scheman, C. Cha, M. Bhinder, "Alternative hair-dye products for persons allergic to para-phenylenediamine", Dermatitis. 22, 189–192. 2011.
16.                V.A. DeL, "Contact allergen of the year: p-phenylenediamine", Dermatitis. 17, 53–55. 2006.
17.  M. Gupta, V. K. Mahajan, K. S. Mehta, P. S. Chauhan, "Hair dye dermatitis and pphenylenediamine contact sensitivity: a preliminary report", Indian Dermatol. Online J. 6, 241–246, 2015. 
18.  S. M. Wilkinson, M.H. Beck, "Contact Dermatitis-allergic: p-phenylenediamine and related dyes", In: B.Tony, B. Stephen, C. Neil, G. Christopher, Rook's Textbook of Dermatology, eighth ed. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, 26.60–26.62, 2010.
19.  J. D. Schmidt, J. D. Johansen, M. M. Nielsen, E. Zimersson, C. Svedman, , M. Bruze, K. Engkilde, S. S. Poulsen , C. Geisler, C. M. Bonefeld, "Immune responses to hair dyes containing toluene-2,5-diamine", Br. J. Dermatol. 170, 352–359. 2014.
20.  Regulation (EC) 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November, OJEU. L342/59-L342/209. 2009 on Cosmetic Products, and its Successive Amendments. 2009.
21.  US FDA. US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Cosmetics. FDA Policy and Authority. 2007.
22.  A. K. Salama, "Assessment of metals in cosmetics commonly used in Saudi Arabia, Environ. Monit. Assess", 188, 553, 2016. 
23.  FA. Ababneh, KA. Abu-Sbeih, IF. Al-Momani, "Evaluation of allergenic metals and other trace elements in personal care products", Jordan J. Chem. 146, 1-2, 2013.
24.  E. Amartey, AB. Asumadu-Sakyi, CA. Adjei, FK. Quashie, GO. Duodu, NO. Bentil, "Determination of heavy metals concentration in hair Pomades on the Ghanaian market using atomic absorption spectrometry technique", Br. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2, 192-198, 2011.
25.  PB. Tchounwou, CG. Yedjou, AK. Patlolla, DJ. Sutton, "Heavy metals toxicity and the environment", Mol. Clin. Environ. Toxicol. 101, 133-64, 2012.
26.  DD. Dacera, S. Babel, "Removal of heavy metals from contaminated sewage sludge using Aspergillus niger fermented raw liquid from pineapple wastes", Bioresource Technol. 99, 1682-1689, 2008.
27.  P. Burger, A. Landreau, S. Azoulay, T. Michel, X. Fernandez, "Skin whitening cosmetics: feedback and challenges in the development of natural skin lighteners", Cosmet. 3, 36, 2016.
28.  AK. Salama, "Assessment of metals in cosmetics commonly used in Saudi Arabia", Environ. Monit. Assess. 188, 553, 2016.
29.  P. Pigatto, A. Martelli, C. Marsili, A. Fiocchi, "Contact dermatitis in children. Italian journal of pediatrics", 36, 2, 2010.
30.                I. Al-Saleh, S. Al-Enazi, "Trace metals in lipsticks", Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 93, 1149-65, 2011.
31.  G. Forte, F. Petrucci, B. Bocca, "Metal allergens of growing significance: epidemiology, immunotoxicology, strategies for testing and prevention", Inflammation & Allergy-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-Inflammation & Allergy), 7, 145-162, 2008.
32.  O. Theresa, O. Onebunne, W. Dorcas, O. Ajani, "Potentially toxic metals exposure from body creams sold in Lagos, Nigeria", Res. 3, 17-30. 2011.
33.                I. A1-Saleh, S. Al-Enazi, N. Shinwari, "Assessment of lead in cosmetic products", Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 54, 105-13, 2009.
34.  B. Mansouri, A. Maleki, M. Mahmoudi, B. Davari, S. Shahsavari, "Risk assessment of heavy metals in lipstick and hair dye cosmetics products in Sanandaj", Scien. J. Kurdistan. Univ. Med. Sci. 22, 31-39, 2017.
35.  H. Asgari Rad, M. Saeedi, N. Azad Bakht, "heavy metals (cadmium, zinc, nickel, chrome, lead, and copper) contamination in kohl available in iran’s market", J. Mazandaran. Univ. Med. Sci. 25, 295-304, 2016.
36.  K. Sharafi, N. Fatahi, H. Yarmohammadi, M. Moradi, A. Dargahi, "Determination of cadmium and lead concentrations in cosmetics (lipstick and hair color) in kermanshah markets", J. health, 8, 143-50, 2017.
37.  M. L.A. Schuttelaar, T.A. Vogel,  "Contact Allergy to Hair. Dyes", Cosmetics, 3, 1-6, 2016.
38.  NCI, "National Cancer Institute, Hair Dyes and Cancer Risks", 2017.
39.  F. Turati, C. Pelucchi, C. Galeone, A. Decarli, C. La Vecchia, "Personal hair dye use and bladder cancer: a meta-analysis", Ann. Epidemiol. 24, 151-159. 2014.
40.  A. Salvador, A. Chisvert, (Eds.), "Analysis of cosmetic products", Elsevier. 2007.
41.  F. Rafii, J. D. Hall, C. E. Cerniglia, "Mutagenicity of azo dyes used in foods, drugs and cosmetics before and after reduction by Clostridium species from the human intestinal tract", Food. Chem. Toxicol. 35, 897–901, 1997.
42.  C. Hawley, R. E. Buckley, "Hyperkinesis and sensitivity to aniline food dyes", J. Orthomol. Med. 5, 129–137, 1976.
43.                T. N. Nagaraja, T. Desiraju, "Effects of chronic consumption of metanil yellow by developing and adult rats on brain regional levels of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin, on acetylcholine esterase activity and on operant conditioning", Food. Chem. Toxicol. 31, 41–44, 1993.
44.  P. Mpountoukas, A. Pantazaki, E. Kostareli, P. Christodoulou, D. Kareli, S. Poliliou, "Cytogenetic evaluation and DNA interaction studies of the food colorants amaranth, erythrosine and tartrazine", Food. Chem Toxicol. 48, 2934–2944, 2010.
45.  M. S. Khehra, H. S. Saini, D. K. Sharma, B. S. Chadha, S. S. Chimni, "Biodegradation of azo dye CI Acid Red 88 by an anoxic–aerobic sequential bioreactor", Dyes Pigm. 70, 1–7. 2006.
46.  A. D. Kaur, U. Gupta," The review on spectrophotometric determination of synthetic food dyes and lakes", GU J Sci. 25, 579–588. 2012.
47.  H. Rajabi, M. Hasanzadeh, "A Review of the Application of 3D Printing Technology in Textile Wastewater Treatment", J. Stud. Color World, 12, 1-20, 2022.
48.  J. Abdi, "Prediction of the adsorption amount of azo dyes pollutants from wastewater using porous metal-organic framework adsorbents", J. Color Sci. Tech. 16, 267-280,2022.
49.                H. Ullah, S. Norecn, A. Rehman, A. Waseem, S. Zubair, M. Adnan, "Comparative study of heavy metals content in cosmetic products of different countries marketed in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa", Pakistan. Arab. J. Chcm. 10: 10-18. 2017.
50.  IARC, International Agency for Research on Cancer, "Beryllium, cadmium, mercury, and exposures in the glass manufacturing industry", Vol. 58. IARC, Lyon, France. 1993.
51.  J. Godt, F. Scheidig, C. Grosse-Siestrup, V. Esche, P. Brandenburg, A. Reich, D.A. Gronenberg, "The toxicity of cadmium and resulting hazards for human health", J. Occup. Med. Toxicol. 1, 1–6. 2006.
52.  R. Guy, J. J. Hostynek, R.S. Hinz, C.R. Lorence, "Metals and the skin: topical effects and systemic absorption", third ed. CRC Press, New York. 1999.
53.  ATSDR, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. "Toxicological Profile for Chromium. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services", Public Health Service, Atlanta, USA. 2008.
54.  J. P. Thyssen, J.D. Johansen, T. Menné, "Contact allergy epidemics and their controls", Contact Derm. 56, 185–195. 2007.
55.  "Health Canada. Guidance on Heavy Metal Impurities in Cosmetics", https://www. canada.ca/en/health-canada/services /consumer-product-safety/reportspublications /industry-professionals/guidance-heavy-metal-impurities cosmetics, 2012.
56.  United States Food and Drug Authorities, FDA’s Testing of Cosmetics for Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Lead, Mercury, and Nickel Content, https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/potential-contaminants-cosmetics/fdas-testing-cosmetics-arseniccadmium-chromium-cobalt-leadmercury-and-nickel-content. 2021.
57.  J.P. Thyssen, J.D. Johansen, T. Menné, "Contact allergy epidemics and their controls", Contact Derm. 56, 185–195. 2007.
58.                Y. Chervona, A. Arita, M. Costa, "Carcinogenic metals and the epigenome: understanding the effect of nickel, arsenic, and chromium", Metallomics. 4, 619-627, 2012.
59.  C. Contado, A. Pagnoni, "A new strategy for pressed powder eye shadow analysis: allergenic metal ion content and particle size distribution", Sci. Total Environ. 432, 173-179, 2012.
60.  N.H. Nielsen, et al., "Effects of repeated skin exposure to low nickel concentrations: a model for allergic contact dermatitis to nickel on the hands", Br. J. Dermatol. 141, 676-682, 1999.